Efecto que tienen la frecuencia y horarios de las ingestas sobre el sobrepeso y obesidad
Resumen
En los últimos años, ha incrementado el interés por conocer qué condicionantes acerca de la alimentación diaria afectan al incremento o difícil disminución de peso, habiendo surgido así la crononutrición. Este tema es cada vez de más relevancia como búsqueda de una posible explicación al aumento de peso en adultos. El objetivo de este artículo es recopilar evidencia científica para evaluar el efecto que tiene el momento de ingesta y la frecuencia de las tomas sobre el sobrepeso y la obesidad en adultos. Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica, para la que se usaron 35 artículos, siendo Pubmed y Google Académico las principales bases de datos utilizadas. Los resultados de los estudios señalan que realizar un mayor número de ingestas en el día se relaciona con menor IMC y mejores resultados antropométricos; además de que llevar a cabo un horario matutino de comidas promueve mayores pérdidas de peso y se relaciona igualmente con un menor IMC. Además, estudios revelan que el horario matutino mejora las señales hormonales, ejerciendo un control sobre las señales de ingesta. Como conclusión, sería necesaria más evidencia para poder confirmar los resultados encontrados. No obstante, la evidencia apunta a que realizar más ingestas, en un horario temprano, y con una mayor carga calórica en la mañana, podrían ser claves para mejoras antropométricas, del peso y del IMC.
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Sáinz Ruiz, M. (2024). Efecto que tienen la frecuencia y horarios de las ingestas sobre el sobrepeso y obesidad. MLS Health and Nutrition Research, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.60134/mlsisj.v3i2.2899
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4. Barrea L, Frias-Toral E, Aprano S, Castelluci B, Pugliese G, Vitale G, et al. The clock diet: a practical nutritional guide to manage obesity through chrononutrition. Minerva Medica. 2022 Feb;113(1):172-88. Available from: https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-medica/article.php?cod=R10Y2022N01A0172
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10. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social Paraguay. Ambiente obesogénico: conozca los factores que ocasionan obesidad. 2021 Jan. Available from: https://www.mspbs.gov.py/portal/22545/
11. Álvarez J, Fernández Real JM, Guarner F, Gueimonde M, Rodríguez JM, Saenz de Pipaon M, et al. Microbiota intestinal y salud. Gastroenterol Hepatol [Internet]. 2021 Aug;44(7):519-35. Available from: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-gastroenterologia-hepatologia-14-articulo-microbiota-intestinal-salud-S0210570521000583
12. Tseng C, Wu C. The gut microbiome in obesity. ScienceDirect [Internet]. 2019 Mar. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/S092966
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14. National Human Genome Research Institute. Expresión génica. 2024 May. Available from: https://www.genome.gov/es/genetics-glossary/Expresion-genica
15. Littleton SH, Berkowitz RI, Grant SFA. Genetic Determinants of Childhood Obesity. Mol Diagn Ther [Internet]. 2020 Dec;24(6):653-63. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40291-020-00496-1
16. Dalamaga M, Kounatidis D, Tsilingiris D, Vallianou NG, Karampela I, Psallida S, et al. The Role of Endocrine Disruptors Bisphenols and Phthalates in Obesity: Current Evidence, Perspectives and Controversies. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2024 Jan;25(1):675. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/1/675
17. Pombo M, Castro-Feijóo L, Barreiro J, Cabanas P. Una revisión sobre los disruptores endocrinos y su posible impacto sobre la salud de los humanos. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediátrica [Internet]. 2020 Dec;(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3266/RevEspEndocrinolPediatr.pre2020.Nov.619
18. García-Maldonado G, Sánchez-Juárez IG, Martínez-Salazar GJ, Llanes-Castillo A. Cronobiología: Correlatos básicos y médicos. Rev Médica Hosp Gen México [Internet]. 2011 Apr;74(2):108-14. Available from: https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-revista-medica-del-hospital-general-325-articulo-cronobiologia-correlatos-basicos-medicos-X0185106311242397
19. Franzago M, Alessandrelli E, Notarangelo S, Stuppia L, Vitacolonna E. Chrono-Nutrition: Circadian Rhythm and Personalized Nutrition. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2023 Jan;24(3):2571. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/2571
20. Flanagan A, Bechtold DA, Pot GK, Johnston JD. Chrono‐nutrition: From molecular and neuronal mechanisms to human epidemiology and timed feeding patterns. Journal of Neurochemistry- Wiley Online Library [Internet]. 2020 Nov;157(1):53-72. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jnc.15246
21. Ravi MD, Joseph MD. Circadian Mechanisms in Medicine. NEJM [Internet]. 2021 Feb.;384:550-561. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/
22. Ursini F, De Giorgi A, D’Onghia M, De Giorgio R, Fabbian F, Manfredini R. Chronobiology and Chronotherapy in Inflammatory Joint Diseases. Pharmaceutics [Internet]. 2021 Nov;13(11):1832. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/11/1832
23. Williams SJ, Meadows R, Coveney CM. Desynchronised times? Chronobiology, (bio)medicalisation and the rhythms of life itself. Sociol Health Illn [Internet]. 2021 Jul;43(6):1501-17. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13324
24. Cifuentes M, Tobar N, Salgado D. Cronotipos, nutrición y enfermedades crónicas. Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos- Universidad de Chile [Internet]. 2021 Nov. Available from: https://inta.uchile.cl/noticias/191145/cronotipos-nutricion-y-enfermedades-cronicas
25. Flanagan A, Bechtold DA, Pot GK, Johnston JD. Chrono-nutrition: From molecular and neuronal mechanisms to human epidemiology and timed feeding patterns. J Neurochem [Internet]. 2020 Nov;157(1):53-72. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jnc.15246
26. Dote-Montero M, Acosta FM, Sanchez-Delgado G, Merchan-Ramirez E, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Labayen I, et al. Association of meal timing with body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults. Eur J Nutr. 2023 Aug;62(5):2303-15. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-023-03141-9
27. Ha K, Song Y. Associations of Meal Timing and Frequency with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 Oct;11(10):2437. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/10/2437
28. Wilkinson MJ, Manoogian ENC, Zadourian A, Lo H, Fakhouri S, Shoghi A, et al. Ten-Hour Time-Restricted Eating Reduces Weight, Blood Pressure, and Atherogenic Lipids in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Cell Metab [Internet]. 2020 Jan;31(1):92-104.e5. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1550413119306114
29. Hatanaka M, Hatamoto Y, Tajiri E, Matsumoto N, Tanaka S, Yoshimura E. An Earlier First Meal Timing Associates with Weight Loss Effectiveness in A 12-Week Weight Loss Support Program. Nutrients. 2022 Jan;14(2):249. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35057430/
30. Allison KC, Hopkins CM, Ruggieri M, Spaeth AM, Ahima RS, Zhang Z, et al. Prolonged, Controlled Daytime versus Delayed Eating Impacts Weight and Metabolism. Curr Biol CB. 2021 Feb;31(3):650-657.e3. Available from: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822
31. Vujović N, Piron MJ, Qian J, Chellappa SL, Nedeltcheva A, Barr D, et al. Late isocaloric eating increases hunger, decreases energy expenditure, and modifies metabolic pathways in adults with overweight and obesity. Cell Metab [Internet]. 2022 Oct;34(10):1486-1498.e7. Available from: https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/abstract/S1550-4131(22)00397-7
32. Beaulieu K, Oustric P, Alkahtani S, Alhussain M, Pedersen H, Quist JS, et al. Impact of Meal Timing and Chronotype on Food Reward and Appetite Control in Young Adults. Nutrients [Internet]. 2020 May;12(5):1506. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/5/1506
33. Barrington WE, Beresford SAA. Eating Occasions, Obesity and Related Behaviors in Working Adults: Does it Matter When You Snack? Nutrients. 2019 Oct;11(10):2320. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31581416/
34. Gu C, Brereton N, Schweitzer A, Cotter M, Duan D, Børsheim E, et al. Metabolic Effects of Late Dinner in Healthy Volunteers- A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2020 Aug;105(8):2789-802. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa354
35. Ruddick-Collins LC, Morgan PJ, Fyfe CL, Filipe JAN, Horgan GW, Westerterp KR, et al. Timing of daily calorie loading affects appetite and hunger responses without changes in energy metabolism in healthy subjects with obesity. Cell Metab. 2022 Oct;34(10):1472-1485.e6. Available from: https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(22)
2. Jaacks LM, Vandevijvere S, Pan A, McGowan CJ, Wallace C, Imamura F, et al. The obesity transition: stages of the global epidemic. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Mar 1;7(3):231-40. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(19)30026-9
3. Wiechert M, Holzapfel C. Nutrition Concepts for the Treatment of Obesity in Adults. Nutrients. 2022 Jan;14(1):169. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/1/169
4. Barrea L, Frias-Toral E, Aprano S, Castelluci B, Pugliese G, Vitale G, et al. The clock diet: a practical nutritional guide to manage obesity through chrononutrition. Minerva Medica. 2022 Feb;113(1):172-88. Available from: https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-medica/article.php?cod=R10Y2022N01A0172
5. Organización Mundial de la Salud [Internet]. Obesidad y Sobrepeso. OMS. 2024 Mar. Available from: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
6. Safaei M, Sundararajan EA, Driss M, Boulila W, Shapi’i A. A systematic literature review on obesity: Understanding the causes & consequences of obesity and reviewing various machine learning approaches used to predict obesity. Comput Biol Med. 2021 Sep;136:104754. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010482521005485?via%3Dihub
7. Salas-Salvadó J, Rubio MA, Barbany M, Moreno B, de la SEEDO* GC. Consenso SEEDO 2007 para la evaluación del sobrepeso y la obesidad y el establecimiento de criterios de intervención terapéutica. Med Clínica [Internet]. 2007 Feb;128(5):184-96. Available from: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-medicina-clinica-2-articulo-consenso-seedo-2007-evaluacion-del-13098399
8. Lin X, Li H. Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics. Front Endocrinol. 2021 Sep;12:706978. Available from: Frontiers | Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics (frontiersin.org)
9. Masood B, Moorthy M. Causes of obesity: a review. RCP Journals [Internet]. 2023 Jul; 23(4): 284–291. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147021182404572X?via%3Dihub
10. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social Paraguay. Ambiente obesogénico: conozca los factores que ocasionan obesidad. 2021 Jan. Available from: https://www.mspbs.gov.py/portal/22545/
11. Álvarez J, Fernández Real JM, Guarner F, Gueimonde M, Rodríguez JM, Saenz de Pipaon M, et al. Microbiota intestinal y salud. Gastroenterol Hepatol [Internet]. 2021 Aug;44(7):519-35. Available from: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-gastroenterologia-hepatologia-14-articulo-microbiota-intestinal-salud-S0210570521000583
12. Tseng C, Wu C. The gut microbiome in obesity. ScienceDirect [Internet]. 2019 Mar. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/S092966
13. National Human Genome Research Institute. Polimorfismo. 2024 May. Available from: https://www.genome.gov/es/genetics-glossary/Polimorfismo
14. National Human Genome Research Institute. Expresión génica. 2024 May. Available from: https://www.genome.gov/es/genetics-glossary/Expresion-genica
15. Littleton SH, Berkowitz RI, Grant SFA. Genetic Determinants of Childhood Obesity. Mol Diagn Ther [Internet]. 2020 Dec;24(6):653-63. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40291-020-00496-1
16. Dalamaga M, Kounatidis D, Tsilingiris D, Vallianou NG, Karampela I, Psallida S, et al. The Role of Endocrine Disruptors Bisphenols and Phthalates in Obesity: Current Evidence, Perspectives and Controversies. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2024 Jan;25(1):675. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/1/675
17. Pombo M, Castro-Feijóo L, Barreiro J, Cabanas P. Una revisión sobre los disruptores endocrinos y su posible impacto sobre la salud de los humanos. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediátrica [Internet]. 2020 Dec;(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3266/RevEspEndocrinolPediatr.pre2020.Nov.619
18. García-Maldonado G, Sánchez-Juárez IG, Martínez-Salazar GJ, Llanes-Castillo A. Cronobiología: Correlatos básicos y médicos. Rev Médica Hosp Gen México [Internet]. 2011 Apr;74(2):108-14. Available from: https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-revista-medica-del-hospital-general-325-articulo-cronobiologia-correlatos-basicos-medicos-X0185106311242397
19. Franzago M, Alessandrelli E, Notarangelo S, Stuppia L, Vitacolonna E. Chrono-Nutrition: Circadian Rhythm and Personalized Nutrition. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2023 Jan;24(3):2571. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/2571
20. Flanagan A, Bechtold DA, Pot GK, Johnston JD. Chrono‐nutrition: From molecular and neuronal mechanisms to human epidemiology and timed feeding patterns. Journal of Neurochemistry- Wiley Online Library [Internet]. 2020 Nov;157(1):53-72. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jnc.15246
21. Ravi MD, Joseph MD. Circadian Mechanisms in Medicine. NEJM [Internet]. 2021 Feb.;384:550-561. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/
22. Ursini F, De Giorgi A, D’Onghia M, De Giorgio R, Fabbian F, Manfredini R. Chronobiology and Chronotherapy in Inflammatory Joint Diseases. Pharmaceutics [Internet]. 2021 Nov;13(11):1832. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/11/1832
23. Williams SJ, Meadows R, Coveney CM. Desynchronised times? Chronobiology, (bio)medicalisation and the rhythms of life itself. Sociol Health Illn [Internet]. 2021 Jul;43(6):1501-17. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13324
24. Cifuentes M, Tobar N, Salgado D. Cronotipos, nutrición y enfermedades crónicas. Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos- Universidad de Chile [Internet]. 2021 Nov. Available from: https://inta.uchile.cl/noticias/191145/cronotipos-nutricion-y-enfermedades-cronicas
25. Flanagan A, Bechtold DA, Pot GK, Johnston JD. Chrono-nutrition: From molecular and neuronal mechanisms to human epidemiology and timed feeding patterns. J Neurochem [Internet]. 2020 Nov;157(1):53-72. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jnc.15246
26. Dote-Montero M, Acosta FM, Sanchez-Delgado G, Merchan-Ramirez E, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Labayen I, et al. Association of meal timing with body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults. Eur J Nutr. 2023 Aug;62(5):2303-15. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-023-03141-9
27. Ha K, Song Y. Associations of Meal Timing and Frequency with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 Oct;11(10):2437. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/10/2437
28. Wilkinson MJ, Manoogian ENC, Zadourian A, Lo H, Fakhouri S, Shoghi A, et al. Ten-Hour Time-Restricted Eating Reduces Weight, Blood Pressure, and Atherogenic Lipids in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Cell Metab [Internet]. 2020 Jan;31(1):92-104.e5. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1550413119306114
29. Hatanaka M, Hatamoto Y, Tajiri E, Matsumoto N, Tanaka S, Yoshimura E. An Earlier First Meal Timing Associates with Weight Loss Effectiveness in A 12-Week Weight Loss Support Program. Nutrients. 2022 Jan;14(2):249. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35057430/
30. Allison KC, Hopkins CM, Ruggieri M, Spaeth AM, Ahima RS, Zhang Z, et al. Prolonged, Controlled Daytime versus Delayed Eating Impacts Weight and Metabolism. Curr Biol CB. 2021 Feb;31(3):650-657.e3. Available from: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822
31. Vujović N, Piron MJ, Qian J, Chellappa SL, Nedeltcheva A, Barr D, et al. Late isocaloric eating increases hunger, decreases energy expenditure, and modifies metabolic pathways in adults with overweight and obesity. Cell Metab [Internet]. 2022 Oct;34(10):1486-1498.e7. Available from: https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/abstract/S1550-4131(22)00397-7
32. Beaulieu K, Oustric P, Alkahtani S, Alhussain M, Pedersen H, Quist JS, et al. Impact of Meal Timing and Chronotype on Food Reward and Appetite Control in Young Adults. Nutrients [Internet]. 2020 May;12(5):1506. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/5/1506
33. Barrington WE, Beresford SAA. Eating Occasions, Obesity and Related Behaviors in Working Adults: Does it Matter When You Snack? Nutrients. 2019 Oct;11(10):2320. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31581416/
34. Gu C, Brereton N, Schweitzer A, Cotter M, Duan D, Børsheim E, et al. Metabolic Effects of Late Dinner in Healthy Volunteers- A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2020 Aug;105(8):2789-802. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa354
35. Ruddick-Collins LC, Morgan PJ, Fyfe CL, Filipe JAN, Horgan GW, Westerterp KR, et al. Timing of daily calorie loading affects appetite and hunger responses without changes in energy metabolism in healthy subjects with obesity. Cell Metab. 2022 Oct;34(10):1472-1485.e6. Available from: https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(22)
