Influencia de la alimentación en la mejora del rendimiento deportivo en natación de velocidad
Resumen
El objetivo de este trabajo es elaborar una guía alimentaria específicamente diseñada para nadadores de velocidad, para ayudarlos a seleccionar una nutrición adecuada que potencie su rendimiento. Revisión bibliográfica de la literatura científica de los últimos cinco años gracias al empleo de los buscadores bibliográficos. Consecuentemente, se encontraron 33 estudios relevantes, los cuales fueron analizados por su relevancia científica hacia el tema. El conjunto de estudios señala que las dietas analizadas (dieta Mediterránea, dieta Cetogénica, dieta alta en hidratos y dieta de ayuno intermitente) por lo general mejoran el rendimiento. Sin embargo, en el caso de la natación de velocidad solo la dieta Mediterránea y la dieta alta en hidratos muestran unos datos favorables, puesto que las otras dos muestran que la mejora en el rendimiento se da a intensidades bajas 65% del consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2 Máx.) en mujeres y 80% del VO2 Máx. en hombres. Debido a las necesidades metabólicas de los nadadores de velocidad tanto la dieta Mediterránea como la dieta alta en hidratos de carbono son adecuadas para mejorar su rendimiento. No obstante, a largo plazo la dieta alta en hidratos puede ser perjudicial para la salud en comparación con una dieta equilibrada.
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Matanza Sota, J. (2024). Influencia de la alimentación en la mejora del rendimiento deportivo en natación de velocidad. MLS Health and Nutrition Research, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.60134/mlsisj.v3i2.2924
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1. Kaufman M, Nguyen C, Shetty M, Oppezzo M, Barrack M, Fredericson M. Popular Dietary Trends’ Impact on Athletic Performance: A Critical Analysis Review. Nutrients. 9 de agosto de 2023;15(16):3511. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/16/3511
2. Coates AE, Hardman CA, Halford JCG, Christiansen P, Boyland EJ. Social Media Influencer Marketing and Children’s Food Intake: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics. abril de 2019;143(4):e20182554. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30833297/
3. Clarke JS, Highton JM, Close GL, Twist C. Carbohydrate and Caffeine Improves High-Intensity Running of Elite Rugby League Interchange Players During Simulated Match Play. J Strength Cond Res. mayo de 2019;33(5):1320-7. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27930447/
4. Genton L, Mareschal J, Karsegard VL, Achamrah N, Delsoglio M, Pichard C, et al. An Increase in Fat Mass Index Predicts a Deterioration of Running Speed. Nutrients. 25 de marzo de 2019;11(3):701. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30934655/
5. Jakše B, Lipošek S, Zenić N, Šajber D. Olympic Cycle Comparison of the Nutritional and Cardiovascular Health Status of an Elite-Level Female Swimmer: Case Study Report from Slovenia. Sports. 20 de abril de 2022;10(5):63. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35622472/
6. Altavilla C, Joulianos A, Comeche Guijarro JM, Caballero Pérez P. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, is there any relationship with main indices of central fat in adolescent competitive swimmers? Arch Med Deporte. 26 de abril de 2021;38(2):113-8. Disponible en: https://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/117805
7. Cuartero, Marcelo, del Castillo, José A., Torrallardona, Xavier, Murio, Jordi. Entrenamiento de las Especialidades de Natación. España: RFEN; 2010. 296 p.
8. Bueno Russo R. Efecto de la fatiga muscular sobre el rendimiento en natación [Internet] [http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text]. Universidad Europea de Madrid; 2021 [citado 21 de marzo de 2024]. p. 1. Disponible en: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=307723
9. Villagra-Collar PG, Medina-Duarte ML, Ríos S, Velázquez-Comelli PC, Villagra-Collar PG, Medina-Duarte ML, et al. Evaluación de la alimentación, composición corporal y rendimiento deportivo en jugadores profesionales de un club de primera división del futbol paraguayo. Rev Científica Cienc Salud. 2023;5:8. Disponible en: http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2664-28912023000100008
10. Dominguez LJ, Veronese N, Vernuccio L, Catanese G, Inzerillo F, Salemi G, et al. Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Factors in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Nutrients. 15 de noviembre de 2021;13(11):4080. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836334/
11. Georgoulis M, Yiannakouris N, Tenta R, Fragopoulou E, Kechribari I, Lamprou K, et al. A weight-loss Mediterranean diet/lifestyle intervention ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: results of the «MIMOSA» randomized clinical trial. Eur J Nutr. octubre de 2021;60(7):3799-810. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33839919/
12. San Mauro Martin I, Sanz Rojo S, González Cosano L, Conty de la Campa R, Garicano Vilar E, Blumenfeld Olivares JA. Impulsiveness in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder after an 8-week intervention with the Mediterranean diet and/or omega-3 fatty acids: a randomised clinical trial. Neurologia. septiembre de 2022;37(7):513-23. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31883771/
13. Ficarra S, Di Raimondo D, Navarra GA, Izadi M, Amato A, Macaluso FP, et al. Effects of Mediterranean Diet Combined with CrossFit Training on Trained Adults’ Performance and Body Composition. J Pers Med. 28 de julio de 2022;12(8):1238. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36013187/
14. Soldati L, Pivari F, Parodi C, Brasacchio C, Dogliotti E, De Simone P, et al. The benefits of nutritional counselling for improving sport performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. noviembre de 2019;59(11):1878-84. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31215198/
15. Baker ME, DeCesare KN, Johnson A, Kress KS, Inman CL, Weiss EP. Short-Term Mediterranean Diet Improves Endurance Exercise Performance: A Randomized-Sequence Crossover Trial. J Am Coll Nutr. 2019;38(7):597-605. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30758261/
16. Helvacı G, Uçar A, Çelebi MM, Çetinkaya H, Gündüz AZ. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on the exercise performance and lactate elimination on adolescent athletes. Nutr Res Pract. agosto de 2023;17(4):762-79. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10375324/
17. Calella P, Gallè F, Cerullo G, Postiglione N, Ricchiuti R, Liguori G, et al. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet among athletes participating at the XXX summer universiade. Nutr Health. diciembre de 2023;29(4):645-51. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35388722/
18. McSwiney FT, Doyle L, Plews DJ, Zinn C. Impact Of Ketogenic Diet On Athletes: Current Insights. Open Access J Sports Med. 2019;10:171-83. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31814784/
19. Durkalec-Michalski K, Nowaczyk PM, Siedzik K. Effect of a four-week ketogenic diet on exercise metabolism in CrossFit-trained athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 5 de abril de 2019;16(1):16. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30953522/
20. Shaw DM, Merien F, Braakhuis A, Maunder ED, Dulson DK. Effect of a Ketogenic Diet on Submaximal Exercise Capacity and Efficiency in Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. octubre de 2019;51(10):2135-46. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31033901/
21. Wilson JM, Lowery RP, Roberts MD, Sharp MH, Joy JM, Shields KA, et al. Effects of Ketogenic Dieting on Body Composition, Strength, Power, and Hormonal Profiles in Resistance Training Men. J Strength Cond Res. diciembre de 2020;34(12):3463-74. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28399015/
22. Wroble KA, Trott MN, Schweitzer GG, Rahman RS, Kelly PV, Weiss EP. Low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet impairs anaerobic exercise performance in exercise-trained women and men: a randomized-sequence crossover trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. abril de 2019;59(4):600-7. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29619799/
23. Heikura IA, Burke LM, Hawley JA, Ross ML, Garvican-Lewis L, Sharma AP, et al. A Short-Term Ketogenic Diet Impairs Markers of Bone Health in Response to Exercise. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:880. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32038477/
24. Landry MJ, Crimarco A, Perelman D, Durand LR, Petlura C, Aronica L, et al. Adherence to Ketogenic and Mediterranean Study Diets in a Crossover Trial: The Keto-Med Randomized Trial. Nutrients. 17 de marzo de 2021;13(3):967. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33802709/
25. Wachsmuth NB, Aberer F, Haupt S, Schierbauer JR, Zimmer RT, Eckstein ML, et al. The Impact of a High-Carbohydrate/Low Fat vs. Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Performance and Body Composition in Physically Active Adults: A Cross-Over Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 18 de enero de 2022;14(3):423. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35276780/
26. King AJ, Etxebarria N, Ross ML, Garvican-Lewis L, Heikura IA, McKay AKA, et al. Short-Term Very High Carbohydrate Diet and Gut-Training Have Minor Effects on Gastrointestinal Status and Performance in Highly Trained Endurance Athletes. Nutrients. 5 de mayo de 2022;14(9):1929. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35565896/
27. Baart AM, Schaminee H, Mensink M, Terink R. Effect of a low carbohydrate, high fat diet versus a high carbohydrate diet on exercise efficiency and economy in recreational male athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. febrero de 2023;63(2):282-91. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36239287/
28. Hulton AT, Vitzel K, Doran DA, MacLaren DPM. Addition of Caffeine to a Carbohydrate Feeding Strategy Prior to Intermittent Exercise. Int J Sports Med. agosto de 2020;41(9):603-9. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32252101/
29. Bestard MA, Rothschild JA, Crocker GH. Effect of low- and high-carbohydrate diets on swimming economy: a crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 3 de enero de 2020;17(1):64. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33298105/
30. Etxebarria N, Beard NA, Gleeson M, Wallett A, McDonald WA, Pumpa KL, et al. Dietary Intake and Gastrointestinal Integrity in Runners Undertaking High-Intensity Exercise in the Heat. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 1 de julio de 2021;31(4):314-20. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34030124/
31. Furber MJW, Young GR, Holt GS, Pyle S, Davison G, Roberts MG, et al. Gut Microbial Stability is Associated with Greater Endurance Performance in Athletes Undertaking Dietary Periodization. mSystems. 28 de junio de 2022;7(3):e0012922.
32. Wu Y, Juraschek SP, Hu JR, Mueller NT, Appel LJ, Anderson CAM, et al. Higher Carbohydrate Amount and Lower Glycemic Index Increase Hunger, Diet Satisfaction, and Heartburn in Overweight and Obese Adults in the OmniCarb Randomized Clinical Trial. J Nutr. 7 de agosto de 2021;151(8):2477-85. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35579384/
33. Levy E, Chu T. Intermittent Fasting and Its Effects on Athletic Performance: A Review. Curr Sports Med Rep. julio de 2019;18(7):266-9. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31283627/
34. Martínez-Rodríguez A, Rubio-Arias JA, García-De Frutos JM, Vicente-Martínez M, Gunnarsson TP. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training and Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Physical Performance in Active Women. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 14 de junio de 2021;18(12):6431. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8296247/
35. Triki R, Zouhal H, Chtourou H, Salhi I, Jebabli N, Saeidi A, et al. Timing of Resistance Training During Ramadan Fasting and Its Effects on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 1 de junio de 2023;18(6):579-89. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37068775/
36. Tinsley GM, Moore ML, Graybeal AJ, Paoli A, Kim Y, Gonzales JU, et al. Time-restricted feeding plus resistance training in active females: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1 de septiembre de 2019;110(3):628-40. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31268131/
37. Moro T, Tinsley G, Longo G, Grigoletto D, Bianco A, Ferraris C, et al. Time-restricted eating effects on performance, immune function, and body composition in elite cyclists: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 11 de diciembre de 2020;17(1):65. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33308259/
38. Bougrine H, Nasser N, Abdessalem R, Ammar A, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Pre-Exercise Caffeine Intake Attenuates the Negative Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Several Aspects of High-Intensity Short-Term Maximal Performances in Adolescent Female Handball Players. Nutrients. 3 de agosto de 2023;15(15):3432. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37571369/
39. Abaïdia AE, Daab W, Bouzid MA. Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med Auckl NZ. mayo de 2020;50(5):1009-26. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31960369/
2. Coates AE, Hardman CA, Halford JCG, Christiansen P, Boyland EJ. Social Media Influencer Marketing and Children’s Food Intake: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics. abril de 2019;143(4):e20182554. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30833297/
3. Clarke JS, Highton JM, Close GL, Twist C. Carbohydrate and Caffeine Improves High-Intensity Running of Elite Rugby League Interchange Players During Simulated Match Play. J Strength Cond Res. mayo de 2019;33(5):1320-7. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27930447/
4. Genton L, Mareschal J, Karsegard VL, Achamrah N, Delsoglio M, Pichard C, et al. An Increase in Fat Mass Index Predicts a Deterioration of Running Speed. Nutrients. 25 de marzo de 2019;11(3):701. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30934655/
5. Jakše B, Lipošek S, Zenić N, Šajber D. Olympic Cycle Comparison of the Nutritional and Cardiovascular Health Status of an Elite-Level Female Swimmer: Case Study Report from Slovenia. Sports. 20 de abril de 2022;10(5):63. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35622472/
6. Altavilla C, Joulianos A, Comeche Guijarro JM, Caballero Pérez P. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, is there any relationship with main indices of central fat in adolescent competitive swimmers? Arch Med Deporte. 26 de abril de 2021;38(2):113-8. Disponible en: https://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/117805
7. Cuartero, Marcelo, del Castillo, José A., Torrallardona, Xavier, Murio, Jordi. Entrenamiento de las Especialidades de Natación. España: RFEN; 2010. 296 p.
8. Bueno Russo R. Efecto de la fatiga muscular sobre el rendimiento en natación [Internet] [http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text]. Universidad Europea de Madrid; 2021 [citado 21 de marzo de 2024]. p. 1. Disponible en: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=307723
9. Villagra-Collar PG, Medina-Duarte ML, Ríos S, Velázquez-Comelli PC, Villagra-Collar PG, Medina-Duarte ML, et al. Evaluación de la alimentación, composición corporal y rendimiento deportivo en jugadores profesionales de un club de primera división del futbol paraguayo. Rev Científica Cienc Salud. 2023;5:8. Disponible en: http://scielo.iics.una.py/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2664-28912023000100008
10. Dominguez LJ, Veronese N, Vernuccio L, Catanese G, Inzerillo F, Salemi G, et al. Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Factors in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Nutrients. 15 de noviembre de 2021;13(11):4080. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836334/
11. Georgoulis M, Yiannakouris N, Tenta R, Fragopoulou E, Kechribari I, Lamprou K, et al. A weight-loss Mediterranean diet/lifestyle intervention ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: results of the «MIMOSA» randomized clinical trial. Eur J Nutr. octubre de 2021;60(7):3799-810. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33839919/
12. San Mauro Martin I, Sanz Rojo S, González Cosano L, Conty de la Campa R, Garicano Vilar E, Blumenfeld Olivares JA. Impulsiveness in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder after an 8-week intervention with the Mediterranean diet and/or omega-3 fatty acids: a randomised clinical trial. Neurologia. septiembre de 2022;37(7):513-23. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31883771/
13. Ficarra S, Di Raimondo D, Navarra GA, Izadi M, Amato A, Macaluso FP, et al. Effects of Mediterranean Diet Combined with CrossFit Training on Trained Adults’ Performance and Body Composition. J Pers Med. 28 de julio de 2022;12(8):1238. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36013187/
14. Soldati L, Pivari F, Parodi C, Brasacchio C, Dogliotti E, De Simone P, et al. The benefits of nutritional counselling for improving sport performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. noviembre de 2019;59(11):1878-84. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31215198/
15. Baker ME, DeCesare KN, Johnson A, Kress KS, Inman CL, Weiss EP. Short-Term Mediterranean Diet Improves Endurance Exercise Performance: A Randomized-Sequence Crossover Trial. J Am Coll Nutr. 2019;38(7):597-605. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30758261/
16. Helvacı G, Uçar A, Çelebi MM, Çetinkaya H, Gündüz AZ. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on the exercise performance and lactate elimination on adolescent athletes. Nutr Res Pract. agosto de 2023;17(4):762-79. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10375324/
17. Calella P, Gallè F, Cerullo G, Postiglione N, Ricchiuti R, Liguori G, et al. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet among athletes participating at the XXX summer universiade. Nutr Health. diciembre de 2023;29(4):645-51. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35388722/
18. McSwiney FT, Doyle L, Plews DJ, Zinn C. Impact Of Ketogenic Diet On Athletes: Current Insights. Open Access J Sports Med. 2019;10:171-83. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31814784/
19. Durkalec-Michalski K, Nowaczyk PM, Siedzik K. Effect of a four-week ketogenic diet on exercise metabolism in CrossFit-trained athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 5 de abril de 2019;16(1):16. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30953522/
20. Shaw DM, Merien F, Braakhuis A, Maunder ED, Dulson DK. Effect of a Ketogenic Diet on Submaximal Exercise Capacity and Efficiency in Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. octubre de 2019;51(10):2135-46. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31033901/
21. Wilson JM, Lowery RP, Roberts MD, Sharp MH, Joy JM, Shields KA, et al. Effects of Ketogenic Dieting on Body Composition, Strength, Power, and Hormonal Profiles in Resistance Training Men. J Strength Cond Res. diciembre de 2020;34(12):3463-74. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28399015/
22. Wroble KA, Trott MN, Schweitzer GG, Rahman RS, Kelly PV, Weiss EP. Low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet impairs anaerobic exercise performance in exercise-trained women and men: a randomized-sequence crossover trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. abril de 2019;59(4):600-7. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29619799/
23. Heikura IA, Burke LM, Hawley JA, Ross ML, Garvican-Lewis L, Sharma AP, et al. A Short-Term Ketogenic Diet Impairs Markers of Bone Health in Response to Exercise. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:880. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32038477/
24. Landry MJ, Crimarco A, Perelman D, Durand LR, Petlura C, Aronica L, et al. Adherence to Ketogenic and Mediterranean Study Diets in a Crossover Trial: The Keto-Med Randomized Trial. Nutrients. 17 de marzo de 2021;13(3):967. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33802709/
25. Wachsmuth NB, Aberer F, Haupt S, Schierbauer JR, Zimmer RT, Eckstein ML, et al. The Impact of a High-Carbohydrate/Low Fat vs. Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Performance and Body Composition in Physically Active Adults: A Cross-Over Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 18 de enero de 2022;14(3):423. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35276780/
26. King AJ, Etxebarria N, Ross ML, Garvican-Lewis L, Heikura IA, McKay AKA, et al. Short-Term Very High Carbohydrate Diet and Gut-Training Have Minor Effects on Gastrointestinal Status and Performance in Highly Trained Endurance Athletes. Nutrients. 5 de mayo de 2022;14(9):1929. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35565896/
27. Baart AM, Schaminee H, Mensink M, Terink R. Effect of a low carbohydrate, high fat diet versus a high carbohydrate diet on exercise efficiency and economy in recreational male athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. febrero de 2023;63(2):282-91. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36239287/
28. Hulton AT, Vitzel K, Doran DA, MacLaren DPM. Addition of Caffeine to a Carbohydrate Feeding Strategy Prior to Intermittent Exercise. Int J Sports Med. agosto de 2020;41(9):603-9. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32252101/
29. Bestard MA, Rothschild JA, Crocker GH. Effect of low- and high-carbohydrate diets on swimming economy: a crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 3 de enero de 2020;17(1):64. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33298105/
30. Etxebarria N, Beard NA, Gleeson M, Wallett A, McDonald WA, Pumpa KL, et al. Dietary Intake and Gastrointestinal Integrity in Runners Undertaking High-Intensity Exercise in the Heat. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 1 de julio de 2021;31(4):314-20. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34030124/
31. Furber MJW, Young GR, Holt GS, Pyle S, Davison G, Roberts MG, et al. Gut Microbial Stability is Associated with Greater Endurance Performance in Athletes Undertaking Dietary Periodization. mSystems. 28 de junio de 2022;7(3):e0012922.
32. Wu Y, Juraschek SP, Hu JR, Mueller NT, Appel LJ, Anderson CAM, et al. Higher Carbohydrate Amount and Lower Glycemic Index Increase Hunger, Diet Satisfaction, and Heartburn in Overweight and Obese Adults in the OmniCarb Randomized Clinical Trial. J Nutr. 7 de agosto de 2021;151(8):2477-85. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35579384/
33. Levy E, Chu T. Intermittent Fasting and Its Effects on Athletic Performance: A Review. Curr Sports Med Rep. julio de 2019;18(7):266-9. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31283627/
34. Martínez-Rodríguez A, Rubio-Arias JA, García-De Frutos JM, Vicente-Martínez M, Gunnarsson TP. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training and Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Physical Performance in Active Women. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 14 de junio de 2021;18(12):6431. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8296247/
35. Triki R, Zouhal H, Chtourou H, Salhi I, Jebabli N, Saeidi A, et al. Timing of Resistance Training During Ramadan Fasting and Its Effects on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 1 de junio de 2023;18(6):579-89. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37068775/
36. Tinsley GM, Moore ML, Graybeal AJ, Paoli A, Kim Y, Gonzales JU, et al. Time-restricted feeding plus resistance training in active females: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1 de septiembre de 2019;110(3):628-40. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31268131/
37. Moro T, Tinsley G, Longo G, Grigoletto D, Bianco A, Ferraris C, et al. Time-restricted eating effects on performance, immune function, and body composition in elite cyclists: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 11 de diciembre de 2020;17(1):65. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33308259/
38. Bougrine H, Nasser N, Abdessalem R, Ammar A, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Pre-Exercise Caffeine Intake Attenuates the Negative Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Several Aspects of High-Intensity Short-Term Maximal Performances in Adolescent Female Handball Players. Nutrients. 3 de agosto de 2023;15(15):3432. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37571369/
39. Abaïdia AE, Daab W, Bouzid MA. Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med Auckl NZ. mayo de 2020;50(5):1009-26. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31960369/
