PROJECT, DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT

Resumen. Introducción: El concepto sobre éxito empresarial es amplio y no existe consenso sobre su medición. La tendencia más extendida es utilizar indicadores de tipo financiero como la rentabilidad, productividad y crecimiento de ventas. En Huancayo, Perú, a inicios de 2020, existen 381 Mipyme’s (micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas) del sector salud. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar los factores para el éxito de las Mipyme’s del Sector Salud de la ciudad de Huancayo, usando un modelo econométrico. Metodología: Las hipótesis a demostrar fue que la fuente de financiamiento, la planificación estratégica y el uso de TIC´s, la formación gerencial, la innovación, la aplicación de un programa de calidad, la dedicación al negocio y la publicidad en redes sociales tienen un efecto significativo en el éxito de estas empresas. La investigación fue explicativa no experimental, desarrollándose un modelo econométrico mediante el método de regresión lineal múltiple. La variable dependiente fue numérica, las variables independientes cualitativas dicotómicas (dummies). Para el estudio se consideró al universo (censo). Resultados: El modelo econométrico obtuvo un R2 = 0.463 (cercano a un valor estadísticamente bueno) y un F significativo, cumplió además con los supuestos de regresión lineal, siendo así validado. Discusión: Para este modelo, la fuente de financiamiento, la planificación estratégica y el uso de TIC´s, la formación gerencial, la innovación, la dedicación al negocio y la publicidad en redes sociales, resultaron significativas para el modelo. Sin embargo, la aplicación de un programa de calidad no resultó estadísticamente significativa, por tanto, fue descartada del modelo.

Palabras clave: factores, éxito empresarial, Mipymes, sector salud.

The dependent variable (Y) was of a quantitative type and the independent variables (xj) were of a qualitative nominal dichotomous type (dummies), assigning the value of 1 when the factor is present and 0 when it is absent.

The Success of the MSME, which was a quantitative interval variable, was measured through the entrepreneur's appreciation of the performance of the MSME, considering three aspects (dimensions): growth, profitability and productivity. For the rating of each dimension, the 5-point Likert Scale (1 = poor development, 2 = fair development, 3 = good development, 4 = very good development and 5 = excellent development) was used for each dimension. The success of the company was measured by the total sum score of each dimension.

The independent variables were:

Source of financing for MSMEs

The sources of financing of the company are the ways that the company uses to obtain the necessary financial resources to pay for its activity. The sources of financing will be the channels used by the company to obtain funds. (Andrade, 2017).

Strategic planning of MSMEs

Strategic planning is the management process that allows organizations to define and establish the objectives to be achieved, as well as the activities that will be carried out to achieve them. (Pérez, 2016).

Use of ICTs

ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) refer to the group of technological advances that have been developed to manage information and share it from one place to another (Pacheco, 2017)

Management training of the entrepreneur

Necessary tools for the design and application of them in an organized, planned and sustained process in the approaches, an effective system and objective of performance evaluation (Sierra, 2016).

Innovation

It is the degree to which a social system in advance uses an idea among a group of similar social systems. Innovation is thus considered the condition of being of an organization, the first to produce a new product. (Garzón e Ibarra, 2014).

Implementation of a Quality Program in MSME Attention

Adequate performance (according to the norms) in the interventions considered safe, that are available to the societies in question and that have the capacity to produce an impact on mortality, morbidity, disability and malnutrition. (Forrellat, 2014).

Dedication to the entrepreneur’s business

It refers to the proportion of daily time that the business is active; it can be part-time or full-time, morning and afternoon.

Advertising of services through social networks

Online advertising continues to be one of the fastest growing areas of marketing along with video marketing and content management for websites. This is because more and more users are replacing traditional entertainment and information media to choose to find what they need on the Internet. (Chunga, 2019)

Hypothesis

The general hypothesis was: The source of financing, strategic planning and the use of ICTs by the company, managerial training, innovation, the application of a quality of care program, dedication to the business of the entrepreneur and advertising in social networks they have a significant effect on the success of MSMEs in the health sector of the city of Huancayo.

Participants

Health establishments (medical offices, medical centers, polyclinics, clinics, medical support services) were selected from the private sector that were registered in the National Registry of Healthcare Providers (RENIPRESS), entity of the National Superintendence of Health, as of January 2020. In the city of Huancayo, 381 establishments are registered.

The establishments found in the three representative districts of the city were identified: Huancayo Cercado, El Tambo and Chilca. As there is not a very wide area, a census will be carried out, that is to say, an investigation with the complete region.

Instrument

A structured survey of business owners was conducted. The survey had a first (descriptive) section, through which the general data of the entrepreneurs and the general information (intervening variables) of the MSMEs were collected under the following detail: general information about the entrepreneurs (age, gender, grade instruction, number of dependents, marital status) and general information about the companies (seniority, classification, size).

The second section of the survey collected information on the independent variables and the dependent variable, which were used to estimate the model. This second part contained the following variables: MSME financing source, MSME strategic planning, use of ICTs, managerial training of the entrepreneur, innovation, implementation of the MSME Service Quality Program, dedication to the business of the entrepreneur and advertising of services through social networks.

Analysis of data

For the general information sections, related to the intervening variables (descriptive evaluation of the characteristics of entrepreneurs and companies), analysis of the frequencies of the variables will be used, using the Excel software package.

• Age of the employer : frequency distribution
• Gender of the employer : frequency distribution
• Age of the company : frequency distribution
• Marital status : frequency distribution
• Dependent number : frequency distribution
• Annual company income : frequency distribution
• Type of healthcare center : frequency distribution
• Category of the healthcare center : frequency distribution

Whereas, for the analysis of the relationship between the explanatory (independent) and the explained (dependent) variables, with which the econometric model (single-equation, linear, static type) was estimated; a multiple regression analysis was performed using SPSS version 24 software package.

For the evaluation of the model, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used, estimating the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, the coefficient of determination, and the goodness of fit of the regression equation.

To test the General Hypothesis, the ANOVA regression test was used to estimate whether the independent variables jointly contribute information to the explanation of the dependent variable. For the testing of the Specific Hypotheses, the significance tests, t-tests and their critical levels were used.

For the verification of the econometric model, it was shown that it fulfilled the following assumptions:

• Linearity, run partial regression analysis for each of the independent variables. The graph of each partial regression was evaluated.
• Independence, information on the degree of independence between the independent variables. The Durbin-Watson statistic was used.
• Homoscedasticity, the hypothesis of homoscedasticity establishes that the variability of the residuals is independent of the explanatory variables. The plot of predicted values versus squared residuals was examined.
• Normality, the degree to which the standardized residuals approximate a normal distribution. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test and graphical tests were used.
• Non-collinearity, they report on how many different dimensions or factors underlie the set of independent variables used. The review of the collinearity diagnosis eigenvalues was used.

Table 1
Regression coefficients of the Econometric Model of the Success of MSMEs in the Health Sector, Huancayo, 2020

Nota: a. Dependent variable: Ext_Emp

Table 2
Regression coefficients of the Econometric Model of the Success of MSMEs in the Health Sector, Huancayo, 2020 (corrected version).

Nota: a. Dependent variable: Ext_Emp

Table 3
Coefficient of determination of the Econometric Model of the Success of MSMEs in the Health Sector, Huancayo, 2020

Note : a. Predictors: (Constant), Reds, Finan, Dedic, Innov, ICTs, PE, Form

Table 4
Regression testing (ANOVA), Econometric Model of the Success of MSMEs in the Health Sector, Huancayo, 2020

Note: a. Dependent variable: Ext_Emp

b. Predictors: (Constant), Netwo, Finna, Dedic, Innov, ICTs, SP, Traini

Model check

Assumption of Linearity

Partial regression diagrams give you a quick idea of the form a relationship takes. They allow us to examine the relationship between the dependent variable and each of the independent variables separately, after eliminating from them the effect of the rest of the independent variables (Pardo and Ruiz, 2015). See figure 2.

Figure 2 Partial regression, Success of the companies and independent variables. Econometric Model of the Success of MSMEs in the Health Sector, Huancayo, 2020.
Source: Survey. Processed by SPSS V.24

According to Velarde (2010), taking into account the graphic representation when X adopts two unique values, it is observed as two vertically aligned series of points that represent the variability of Y for each of the values ​​of X, it can be said that the line constitutes a good representation to join both series, representing the change suffered in the estimated Y as a function of the change (from 0 to 1 - from one category to another-) in X. When observing the partial regression graphs of financing source, management training, formalization and dedication to the business precisely the behavior of two series aligned vertically is observed. On the other hand, in the case of entrepreneurship and business spirit, a linear trend of positive slope is observed. Therefore, the linearity assumption holds.

Assumption of Independence

The Durbin-Watson statistic provides information on the degree of independence between them. The DW statistic oscillates between 0 and 4, and takes the value 2 when the residuals are independent. We can assume independence when it takes values between 1.5 and 2.5 (Pardo and Ruiz, 2015). A value of 1,676 was obtained for the Durbin Watson statistic, it can be established that the proposed Econometric Model complies with the independence assumption. See table 5.

Assumption of Homoscedasticity

The Linear Regression procedure in SPSS has a series of graphs that allow obtaining information on the degree of compliance with homoscedasticity assumptions. The homoscedasticity hypothesis establishes that the variability of the residuals is independent of the explanatory variables (Pardo and Ruiz, 2015). In Figure 3, generated by SPSS, it is observed that no association is found between the variation of the residuals and the values of the forecasts. Therefore, the assumption of homoscedasticity is fulfilled.

Figure 3. Scatter plot of typified forecasts by typified residuals. Econometric Model of the Success of MSMEs in the Health Sector, Huancayo, 2020.

Assumption of Normality

For this analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for the standardized residues of dependent variable; which raises the following hypotheses:

H0: remainders of group i are normal

H1: remainders of group i are not normal

If the p-value > 0.05 we cannot reject the null hypothesis and therefore we assume that the assumption of Normality is fulfilled. The sig. obtained was 0.003 (less than 0.05); therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and the normality assumption for the model would not be fulfilled. In this situation, where the simple Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is contradictory, it is advisable to carry out the graphical test, where we can “graphically” observe whether the data of our variable are normally distributed or not (Romero-Saldaña, 2016). Using SPSS, a histogram of the typified residuals was generated with a superimposed normal curve (see figure 4). In this graph, there is an accumulation of cases in the central part of the curve and a slight asymmetry towards the left tail. The distribution of the residuals, thus, the model fits the normal probability curve.

Figure 4. Standardized residual histogram. Econometric Model of the Success of MSMEs in the Health Sector, Huancayo, 2020.
Source: Survey. Processed by SPSS V.24.

Assumption of Non-Collinearity

The diagnosis was made to determine the non-collinearity between the independent variables of the model. In this assessment, the eigenvalues are evaluated, which inform about how many different dimensions or factors underlie the set of independent variables used. The presence of several eigenvalues close to zero indicates that the independent variables are closely related to each other (collinearity). In conditions of non-collinearity, these indices should not exceed the value 15. Values greater than 30 indicate the presence of collinearity (Pardo and Ruiz, 2015).

It is observed that all the eigenvalues are different from zero and that the condition indexes are less than 15. Thus, the econometric model complies with the assumption of non-collinearity. See table 6.

Hypothesis testing

Being the econometric model for this hypothesis:

Note: the quality program variable is excluded in this contrast, as it was not significant.

For a linear regression, it is taken into account that Hypothesis testing:

H0: β1 = β2 = β3 = β4 = β5 = β6 = 0

H1: some βj ≠ 0

Critical level (sig.) = 0.05

If sig. F < 0.05 then the null hypothesis is rejected

Then for the model:

Like the sig. of the F obtained is 0.000, therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. In addition, the R2 found was 0.463, a value that would indicate an acceptable explanation of the dependent variable by the considered independent variables.

Therefore, the validity of the general hypothesis proposed for the present thesis is verified (the original econometric model having been corrected after the exclusion of the variable "quality program").

The corrected version of the general hypothesis would be: “The source of financing, strategic planning and the use of ICTs by the company, management training, innovation, dedication to the business of the entrepreneur and advertising on social networks have a significant effect on the success of MSMEs in the health sector of the city of Huancayo.”

Discussion

The econometric model of the Econometric Model of the Success of MSMEs in the Health Sector, Huancayo, 2020; it met the assumptions of linearity, independence, homoscedasticity, normality and non-collinearity, therefore, it is considered valid. However, the model was corrected, because on the first occasion that the analysis was carried out using the SPSS application, the independent variable of “Quality plan or program” was rejected as it was not statistically significant. Only the other seven variables were maintained: the source of financing, strategic planning, the use of ICTs by the company, management training, innovation, dedication to the business of the entrepreneur and advertising on social networks.

Regarding the test for goodness of fit for this model, an adjusted R2 of 0.463 was reached, which means that the seven factors considered in the econometric model (the source of financing, strategic planning, the use of ICTs by the company, management training, innovation, dedication to the business of the entrepreneur and advertising on social networks) explain 46.3% of the success of MSMEs in the health sector of the city of Huancayo, Peru. Therefore, this model can be considered as regular, because according to the theory, an R2 that is between 0.5 and 0.85 is classified as good. There is still 53.7% of the phenomenon that are not explained by these variables. Therefore, this proposed model should be considered as exploratory and in future research, expand a greater number of explanatory variables to consider.

In this econometric model, the success of MSMEs in the health sector of the city of Huancayo was considered as a dependent variable, which in turn was made up of three dimensions: growth, profitability and productivity. For each of them, the response was assessed using the 5-point Likert Scale (1 = total disagreement and 5 = total agreement), which, adapted for the present research work, was established with the following format: 1 = Terrible, 2 = Bad, 3 = OK, 4 = Good and 5 = Very Good. The sum of the qualification of each one of the dimensions made the score of the qualification of the success of the MSMEs. The rating was granted by the entrepreneurs themselves. This instrument was based on a similar one used by Vílchez (2017) and Rocca (2017), who also used a rating system like the one developed in the present research work; although, in these two cases cited, the instrument was used for companies in general and not for a sector as specific as health.

Conclusion

• The proposed general hypothesis was verified, which establishes that, the source of financing, strategic planning and the use of ICTs, management training, innovation, application of a quality program, dedication to business and advertising on social networks; they intervene in the success of MSMEs in the health sector of the city of Huancayo.
• Of these variables, the source of financing, strategic planning, use of ICTs, management training, innovation, dedication to the business and advertising on social networks, turned out to be statistically significant, therefore, better related to the success of MSMEs in the sector health in Huancayo.
• On the other hand, the application of a quality program, as it is not statistically significant, would not be related to the success of the company as expected.
• Therefore, the econometric model had to be corrected, excluding the non-significant independent variable. Thus, the corrected hypothesis was the following: the source of financing, strategic planning and the use of ICTs, management training, innovation, dedication to business and advertising on social networks; they have a significant effect on the success of MSMEs in the health sector of the city of Huancayo.
• The econometric model met the assumptions of multiple linear regression. This model, therefore, it can be considered as valid.

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