MLS Psychology Research
Vol. 1 Núm. 1 (2018)
ISSN: 2605-5295
Adaptación al español de la forma abreviada de la Self-esteem Rating Scale
Publicado Oct 29, 2018
Resumen
Introducción: la autoestima puede ser una variable mediadora en el éxito de los procesos de rehabilitación en esquizofrenia. Algunos autores recomiendan el uso de escalas que diferencien entre las dimensiones positiva y negativa de la autoestima, como la Self-Esteem Rating Scale (SERS). El presente estudio pretende validar en español la forma abreviada de esta escala (SERS-SF). Método: el estudio se llevó a cabo con 370 participantes, 328 sujetos control y 42 pertenecientes a un grupo clínico (diagnóstico de esquizofrenia). Se analizó la existencia de dos dimensiones de la autoestima mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio, y se calcularon la fiabilidad test-retest, la validez de criterio y la consistencia interna para cada dimensión. También se estudiaron las relaciones entre autoestima y variables sociodemográficas en ambas muestras, así como con la sintomatología en el grupo clínico. Por último, se comparó el nivel de autoestima entre ambos grupos. Resultados: la adaptación al español de la SERS-SF mostró buenas propiedades psicométricas en ambas muestras. No se obtuvieron relaciones significativas con ninguna variable sociodemográfica. En el grupo clínico, la dimensión positiva de la autoestima se relacionó con los síntomas de ideas de grandeza, conciencia de enfermedad y depresión. La comparación entre sujetos control y clínicos mostró que éstos tenían peor autoestima, aunque en un alto porcentaje estaba dentro de valores normalizados. Discusión: estos resultados permiten concluir que la versión en español de la SERS-SF es una prueba adecuada para valorar de manera diferenciada las dimensiones positiva y negativa de la autoestima.
Palabras clave:
Autoestima, esquizofrenia, escalas
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Arrieta, M., Fernández, M., Bengochea, R., Santacoloma, I., & Gil, D. (2018). Adaptación al español de la forma abreviada de la Self-esteem Rating Scale. MLS Psychology Research, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.33000/mlspr.v1i1.112
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Aghababian, V., Auquier, P., Baumstarck-Barrau, K., & Lançon, C. (2011). Relationship between insigh and self-reported quality of life among schizophrenic patients. Encephale, 37(3), 162-171. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2010.08.011
Ardila, A., & Ostrosky, F. (2012). Guía para el diagnóstico neuropsicológico. Retrieved from: http://medina-psicologia.ugr.es/moodle/file.php/7/moddata/forum/15/1324/Ardila_Ostrosk.y_Guia_para_el_Diagnostico_Neuropsicologico.pdf
Barrowclough, C., Tarrier, N., Humphreys, L., Ward, J., Gregg, L., & Andrews, B. (2003). Self-esteem in schizophrenia: relationships between self-evaluation, family attitudes, and symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1), 92-99. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.112.1.92
Benavides, C., Brucato, G., & Kimhy, D. (2018). Self-esteem and symptoms in individuals al clinical high risk for psychosis. Journal of Nervous Mental Disease, 206(6), 433-438. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000824
Bentall, R. P, Rowse, G., Kinderman, P., Blackwood, N., Howard, R., Moore, R., Cummins, S., & Corcoran, R. (2008). Paranoid delusions in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and depression: the transdiagnostic role of expectations of negative events and negative self-esteem. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(5), 375-383. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31817108db
Berge, M., & Ranney, M. (2005). Self-esteem and stigma among persons with schizophrenia: implications for mental health. Care Management Journals, 6(3), 139-144. doi: 10.1891/cmaj.6.3.139
Birchwood, M., & Iqbal, Z. Depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis: a cognitive approach. In: Wykes, T., Tarrier, N., & Lewis, S. (Eds). (1998). Outcome and Innovation in Psychological Treatment of Schizophrenia.. pp. 81-100. New York: Willey
Borras, L., Boucherie, M., Mohr, S., Lecomte, T., Perroud, N., & Huguelet, P. (2009). Increasing sel-esteem: efficacy of a group intervention for individuals with severe mental disorders. European Psychiatry, 24(5), 307-316. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.01.003
Cella, M., Swan, S., Medin, E., Reeder, C., & Wykes, T. (2013). Metacognitive awareness of cognitive problems in schizophrenia: exploring the role of symptoms and self-esteem. Psychological Medicine, 44(3), 469-476. doi: 10.1017/S0033291713001189
Costa, R., Bastos, T., Probst, M., Seabra, A., Abreu, S., Vilhena, E., Rosenbaum, S., Ward, P. B., & Corredeira, R. Association of lifestyle-related factors and psychological factors on quality life in people with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 267, 382-393. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.022
Davis, L., Kurzban, S., & Brekke, J. (2012). Self-esteem as a mediator of the relationship between role functioning and symptoms for individuals with severe mental illness: a prospective analysis of Modified Labeling theory. Schizophrenia Research, 137(1-3), 185-189. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.003
Erickson, M. A., & Lysaker, P. H. (2012). Self-esteem and insight as predictors of symptom changes in schizophrenia: a longitudinal study. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses, 6(2), 69-75. doi: 10.3371/CSRP.6.2.4
Freeman, D., & Garety, P. A. (2003). Connecting neurosis and psychosis: the direct influence of emotion on delusions and hallucinations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(8), 923-947. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00104-3
Freeman, D., Garety, P., Fowler, D., Kuipers, E., Dunn, G., Bebbington P., & Hadley, C. (1998). The London-East Anglia randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behaviour therapy for psychosis. IV: self-esteem and persecutory delusions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37(Pt 4), 415-430. doi: 10.1192/bjp.171.5.420
Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., Freeman, D., & Bebbington, P. E. (2001). A cognitive model for the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 31(2), 189-195. doi: 10.1017/S0033291701003312
Hall, P. L., & Tarrier, N. (2003). The cognitive-behavioural treatment of low self-esteem in psychotic patients: a pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(3), 317-32. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00013-X
Holding, J. C., Tarrier, N., Gregg, L., & Barrowclough, C. (2013). Self-esteem and relapse in schizophrenia: a 5-year follow-up study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(8), 653-658. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31829c4ffc
Iqbal, Z., Birchwood, M., Chadwick, P., & Trower, P. (2000). Cognitive approach to depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis. 2. Testing the validity of a social ranking model. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 522-528. doi: 10.1192/bjp.177.6.522
Jongeneel, A., Pot-Kolder, R., Counotte, J., van der Gaag, M., & Veling, W. (2018). Self-esteem moderates affective and psychotic responses to social stress in psychosis : a virtual reality study. Schizophrenia Research, (In press).
Jones, R. M., Hansen, L., Moskvina, V., Kingdon, D., & Turkington, D. (2010). The relationship between self-esteem and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia: a longitudinal study. Psychosis, 2, 218-226. doi: 10.1080/17522431003602430
Justo, A., Risso, A., Moskowitz, A., & Gonzalez A. (2018). Schizophrenia and dissociation: its relation with severity, self-esteem and awareness of illness. Schizophrenia Research, (In press)
Kao, Y. C., Lien, Y. J., Chang, H. A., Tzeng, N. S., Yeh, C. B., & Loh, C. H. (2017). Stigma resistance in stable schizophrenia : the relative contributions of stereotype endorsement, self-reflection, self-esteem and coping styles. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(10), 735-744. doi: 10.1177/0706743717730827
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 261-276. doi: 10.1.1.514.5005
Karatzias, T., Gumley, A., Power, K., & O’Grady, M. (2007). Illness appraisals and self-esteem as correlates of anxiety and affective comorbid disorders in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(4), 371-35. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.02.005
Kinderman, P., & Bentall, R. P. (1996). Self-discrepancies and persecutory delusions: evidence for a model of paranoid ideation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(1), 106-113. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.105.1.106
Kunikata, H., Mino, Y., & Nakajima, K. (2005). Quality of life of schizophrenic patients living in the community: the relationships with personal characteristics, objective indicators and self-esteem. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59(2), 163-169. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01352.x
Lecomte, T., Cyr, M., Lesage. A., Wilde, J., Leclerc, C. & Ricard, N. (1999). Efficacy of a self-esteem module in the empowerment of individuals with schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187(7), 406-413. doi: 10.1097/00005053-199907000-00003
Lecomte, T., Corbière, M., & Laisné, F. (2006). Investigating self-esteem in individuals with schizophrenia: relevance of the Self-Esteem Rating Scale-Short Form. Psychiatry Research, 143(1), 99-108. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.08.019
Lincoln, T. M., Mehl, S., Kesting, M. L., & Rief, W. (2011). Negative symptoms and social cognition: identifying targets for psychosocial interventions. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(Suppl 2), S23-S32. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbr066
Lysaker, P. H., Ringer, J. M., & Davis, L. W. (2008). Associations of social anxiety and self-esteem across six months for persons living with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 32(2), 132-134. doi: 10.2975/32.2.2008.132.134
Lysaker, P. H., Roe, D., Ringer, J., Gilmore, E. M., & Yanos, P. T. (2012). Change in self-stigma among persons with schizophrenia enrolled in rehabilitation: associations with self-esteem and positive and emotional discomfort symptoms. Psychological Services, 9(3), 240-247. doi: 10.1037/a0027740
Lysaker, P. H., Vohs, J., Hillis, J. D., Kukla, M., Popolo, R., & Salvatore, G. (2013). Poor insight into schizophrenia: contributing factors, consequences and emerging treatment approaches. Expert Review of. Neurotherapeutics, 13(7), 785-793. doi: 10.1586/14737175.2013.811150.
Nugent, W., & Thomas, J. (1993). Validation of a clinical measure of self-esteem. Research and Social Work Practice, 3, 208-218. doi: 10.1177/104973159300300205
Peralta, V., & Cuesta, M. J. (1994). Validación de la escala de los síndromes positivo y negativo (PANSS) en una muestra de esquizofrénicos españoles. Actas Luso-Españolas de Neurología y Psiquiatría, 22(4), 171-177. Retrieved from http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/servicioandaluzdesalud/contenidos/publicaciones/datos/433/pdf/8-panss.pdf
Ringer, J. M., Buchanan, E. E., Olesek, K., & Lysaker, P. H. (2014). Anxious and avoidant attachment styles and indicators of recovery in schizophrenia: associations with self-esteem and hope. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 87(2), 209-221. doi: 10.1111/papt.12012
Roe, D. (2003). A prospective study on the relationship between self-esteem and functioning during the first year after being hospitalized for psychosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(1), 45-49. doi: 10.1097/01.NMD.0000044445.03065.AA
Romm, K. L, Rossberg, J. I., Hansen, C. F., Haug, E., Andreassen, O. A., & Melle, I. (2011). Self-esteem is associated with premorbid adjustment and positive symptom in early psychosis. BMC Psychiatry, 11, 136. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-136
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Segalovich, J., Doron, A., Behrbalk, P., Kurs, R., & Romem, P. (2013). Internalization of stigma and self-esteem as it affects the capacity for intimacy among patients with schizophrenia. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 27(5), 231-234. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2013.05.002
Smith, B., Fowler, D. G., Freeman, D., Bebbington, P., Bashforth, H., Garety P., Dunn, G., & Kuipers, E. (2006). Emotion and psychosis: link between depression, self-esteem, negative schematic beliefs and delusions and hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research, 86(1-3), 181-188. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.018
Thewissen, V., Bentall, R. P., Lecomte, T., van Os, J., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2008) Fluctuation in self-esteem and paranoid in the context of daily life. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(1), 143-153. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.117.1.143
Torrey, W. C., Mueser, K. T., McHugo, G. H., and Drake, R. E. (2000). Self-esteem as an outcome measure in studies of vocational rehabilitation for adults with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 51(2), 229-233. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.51.2.229
Vázquez-Morejón, A., Jiménez García-Bóveda, R., y Vázquez-Morejón Jiménez, R. (2004). Escala de autoestima de Rosenberg: fiabilidad y validez en población clínica española. Apuntes de Psicología, 22(2), 247-255. Retrieved from http://www.apuntesdepsicologia.es/index.php/revista/article/view/53
Wartelsteiner, F., Mizuno, Y., Frajo-Apor, B., Kemmier, G., Pardeller, S., Sondermann, C., Welte, A., Fleischhacker, W.W., Uchida, H., & Hofer, A. (2016). Quality of life in stabilized patients with schizophrenia is mainly associated with resilience and self-esteem. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134(4), 360-637. doi: 10.1111/acps.12628
Ardila, A., & Ostrosky, F. (2012). Guía para el diagnóstico neuropsicológico. Retrieved from: http://medina-psicologia.ugr.es/moodle/file.php/7/moddata/forum/15/1324/Ardila_Ostrosk.y_Guia_para_el_Diagnostico_Neuropsicologico.pdf
Barrowclough, C., Tarrier, N., Humphreys, L., Ward, J., Gregg, L., & Andrews, B. (2003). Self-esteem in schizophrenia: relationships between self-evaluation, family attitudes, and symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1), 92-99. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.112.1.92
Benavides, C., Brucato, G., & Kimhy, D. (2018). Self-esteem and symptoms in individuals al clinical high risk for psychosis. Journal of Nervous Mental Disease, 206(6), 433-438. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000824
Bentall, R. P, Rowse, G., Kinderman, P., Blackwood, N., Howard, R., Moore, R., Cummins, S., & Corcoran, R. (2008). Paranoid delusions in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and depression: the transdiagnostic role of expectations of negative events and negative self-esteem. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(5), 375-383. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31817108db
Berge, M., & Ranney, M. (2005). Self-esteem and stigma among persons with schizophrenia: implications for mental health. Care Management Journals, 6(3), 139-144. doi: 10.1891/cmaj.6.3.139
Birchwood, M., & Iqbal, Z. Depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis: a cognitive approach. In: Wykes, T., Tarrier, N., & Lewis, S. (Eds). (1998). Outcome and Innovation in Psychological Treatment of Schizophrenia.. pp. 81-100. New York: Willey
Borras, L., Boucherie, M., Mohr, S., Lecomte, T., Perroud, N., & Huguelet, P. (2009). Increasing sel-esteem: efficacy of a group intervention for individuals with severe mental disorders. European Psychiatry, 24(5), 307-316. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.01.003
Cella, M., Swan, S., Medin, E., Reeder, C., & Wykes, T. (2013). Metacognitive awareness of cognitive problems in schizophrenia: exploring the role of symptoms and self-esteem. Psychological Medicine, 44(3), 469-476. doi: 10.1017/S0033291713001189
Costa, R., Bastos, T., Probst, M., Seabra, A., Abreu, S., Vilhena, E., Rosenbaum, S., Ward, P. B., & Corredeira, R. Association of lifestyle-related factors and psychological factors on quality life in people with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 267, 382-393. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.022
Davis, L., Kurzban, S., & Brekke, J. (2012). Self-esteem as a mediator of the relationship between role functioning and symptoms for individuals with severe mental illness: a prospective analysis of Modified Labeling theory. Schizophrenia Research, 137(1-3), 185-189. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.003
Erickson, M. A., & Lysaker, P. H. (2012). Self-esteem and insight as predictors of symptom changes in schizophrenia: a longitudinal study. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses, 6(2), 69-75. doi: 10.3371/CSRP.6.2.4
Freeman, D., & Garety, P. A. (2003). Connecting neurosis and psychosis: the direct influence of emotion on delusions and hallucinations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(8), 923-947. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00104-3
Freeman, D., Garety, P., Fowler, D., Kuipers, E., Dunn, G., Bebbington P., & Hadley, C. (1998). The London-East Anglia randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behaviour therapy for psychosis. IV: self-esteem and persecutory delusions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37(Pt 4), 415-430. doi: 10.1192/bjp.171.5.420
Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., Freeman, D., & Bebbington, P. E. (2001). A cognitive model for the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 31(2), 189-195. doi: 10.1017/S0033291701003312
Hall, P. L., & Tarrier, N. (2003). The cognitive-behavioural treatment of low self-esteem in psychotic patients: a pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(3), 317-32. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00013-X
Holding, J. C., Tarrier, N., Gregg, L., & Barrowclough, C. (2013). Self-esteem and relapse in schizophrenia: a 5-year follow-up study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(8), 653-658. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31829c4ffc
Iqbal, Z., Birchwood, M., Chadwick, P., & Trower, P. (2000). Cognitive approach to depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis. 2. Testing the validity of a social ranking model. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 522-528. doi: 10.1192/bjp.177.6.522
Jongeneel, A., Pot-Kolder, R., Counotte, J., van der Gaag, M., & Veling, W. (2018). Self-esteem moderates affective and psychotic responses to social stress in psychosis : a virtual reality study. Schizophrenia Research, (In press).
Jones, R. M., Hansen, L., Moskvina, V., Kingdon, D., & Turkington, D. (2010). The relationship between self-esteem and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia: a longitudinal study. Psychosis, 2, 218-226. doi: 10.1080/17522431003602430
Justo, A., Risso, A., Moskowitz, A., & Gonzalez A. (2018). Schizophrenia and dissociation: its relation with severity, self-esteem and awareness of illness. Schizophrenia Research, (In press)
Kao, Y. C., Lien, Y. J., Chang, H. A., Tzeng, N. S., Yeh, C. B., & Loh, C. H. (2017). Stigma resistance in stable schizophrenia : the relative contributions of stereotype endorsement, self-reflection, self-esteem and coping styles. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(10), 735-744. doi: 10.1177/0706743717730827
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 261-276. doi: 10.1.1.514.5005
Karatzias, T., Gumley, A., Power, K., & O’Grady, M. (2007). Illness appraisals and self-esteem as correlates of anxiety and affective comorbid disorders in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(4), 371-35. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.02.005
Kinderman, P., & Bentall, R. P. (1996). Self-discrepancies and persecutory delusions: evidence for a model of paranoid ideation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(1), 106-113. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.105.1.106
Kunikata, H., Mino, Y., & Nakajima, K. (2005). Quality of life of schizophrenic patients living in the community: the relationships with personal characteristics, objective indicators and self-esteem. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59(2), 163-169. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01352.x
Lecomte, T., Cyr, M., Lesage. A., Wilde, J., Leclerc, C. & Ricard, N. (1999). Efficacy of a self-esteem module in the empowerment of individuals with schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187(7), 406-413. doi: 10.1097/00005053-199907000-00003
Lecomte, T., Corbière, M., & Laisné, F. (2006). Investigating self-esteem in individuals with schizophrenia: relevance of the Self-Esteem Rating Scale-Short Form. Psychiatry Research, 143(1), 99-108. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.08.019
Lincoln, T. M., Mehl, S., Kesting, M. L., & Rief, W. (2011). Negative symptoms and social cognition: identifying targets for psychosocial interventions. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(Suppl 2), S23-S32. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbr066
Lysaker, P. H., Ringer, J. M., & Davis, L. W. (2008). Associations of social anxiety and self-esteem across six months for persons living with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 32(2), 132-134. doi: 10.2975/32.2.2008.132.134
Lysaker, P. H., Roe, D., Ringer, J., Gilmore, E. M., & Yanos, P. T. (2012). Change in self-stigma among persons with schizophrenia enrolled in rehabilitation: associations with self-esteem and positive and emotional discomfort symptoms. Psychological Services, 9(3), 240-247. doi: 10.1037/a0027740
Lysaker, P. H., Vohs, J., Hillis, J. D., Kukla, M., Popolo, R., & Salvatore, G. (2013). Poor insight into schizophrenia: contributing factors, consequences and emerging treatment approaches. Expert Review of. Neurotherapeutics, 13(7), 785-793. doi: 10.1586/14737175.2013.811150.
Nugent, W., & Thomas, J. (1993). Validation of a clinical measure of self-esteem. Research and Social Work Practice, 3, 208-218. doi: 10.1177/104973159300300205
Peralta, V., & Cuesta, M. J. (1994). Validación de la escala de los síndromes positivo y negativo (PANSS) en una muestra de esquizofrénicos españoles. Actas Luso-Españolas de Neurología y Psiquiatría, 22(4), 171-177. Retrieved from http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/servicioandaluzdesalud/contenidos/publicaciones/datos/433/pdf/8-panss.pdf
Ringer, J. M., Buchanan, E. E., Olesek, K., & Lysaker, P. H. (2014). Anxious and avoidant attachment styles and indicators of recovery in schizophrenia: associations with self-esteem and hope. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 87(2), 209-221. doi: 10.1111/papt.12012
Roe, D. (2003). A prospective study on the relationship between self-esteem and functioning during the first year after being hospitalized for psychosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(1), 45-49. doi: 10.1097/01.NMD.0000044445.03065.AA
Romm, K. L, Rossberg, J. I., Hansen, C. F., Haug, E., Andreassen, O. A., & Melle, I. (2011). Self-esteem is associated with premorbid adjustment and positive symptom in early psychosis. BMC Psychiatry, 11, 136. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-136
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Segalovich, J., Doron, A., Behrbalk, P., Kurs, R., & Romem, P. (2013). Internalization of stigma and self-esteem as it affects the capacity for intimacy among patients with schizophrenia. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 27(5), 231-234. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2013.05.002
Smith, B., Fowler, D. G., Freeman, D., Bebbington, P., Bashforth, H., Garety P., Dunn, G., & Kuipers, E. (2006). Emotion and psychosis: link between depression, self-esteem, negative schematic beliefs and delusions and hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research, 86(1-3), 181-188. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.018
Thewissen, V., Bentall, R. P., Lecomte, T., van Os, J., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2008) Fluctuation in self-esteem and paranoid in the context of daily life. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(1), 143-153. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.117.1.143
Torrey, W. C., Mueser, K. T., McHugo, G. H., and Drake, R. E. (2000). Self-esteem as an outcome measure in studies of vocational rehabilitation for adults with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 51(2), 229-233. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.51.2.229
Vázquez-Morejón, A., Jiménez García-Bóveda, R., y Vázquez-Morejón Jiménez, R. (2004). Escala de autoestima de Rosenberg: fiabilidad y validez en población clínica española. Apuntes de Psicología, 22(2), 247-255. Retrieved from http://www.apuntesdepsicologia.es/index.php/revista/article/view/53
Wartelsteiner, F., Mizuno, Y., Frajo-Apor, B., Kemmier, G., Pardeller, S., Sondermann, C., Welte, A., Fleischhacker, W.W., Uchida, H., & Hofer, A. (2016). Quality of life in stabilized patients with schizophrenia is mainly associated with resilience and self-esteem. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134(4), 360-637. doi: 10.1111/acps.12628
