MLS Psychology Research
Vol. 6 Núm. 2 (2023)
ISSN: 2605-5295
Síntomas somáticos, ansiedad y miedo entre chicos adolescentes españoles durante la segunda ola por Covid-19: un estudio descriptivo
Publicado Oct 2, 2023
Resumen
Introducción: La emergencia por la pandemia por COVID-19 tiene consecuencias entre niños y adolescentes. El objetivo del presente estudio es 1) evaluar el miedo al COVID-19, la ansiedad, los síntomas somáticos y las reacciones emocionales y 2) investigar las relaciones entre variables como género, edad y curso. Metodología: 199 niños y adolescentes españoles (desde 3º de Educación Primaria hasta 2º bachillerato) con una media de edad de 12.48 años. Se usaron los instrumentos miedo al COVID-19 (FCV-19S), la versión corta del STAI y el PHQ-15. Resultados: 1) los estudiantes no tienen ni miedo ni ansiedad ni síntomas somáticos; 2) las chicas presentan más síntomas somáticos; 3) el grupo de edad de 12.49-18 años tienen más ansiedad rasgo y niveles de somatización en comparación con el grupo de edad de 8-12.48 años; 4) estudiantes de secundaria muestra una mayor prevalencia de emociones desagradables en comparación con los estudiantes de primaria y de bachillerato; 5) emociones desagradables están relacionadas con miedo al COVID-19, ansiedad rasgo, somatización y la edad (chicos mayores); y 6) encontramos presencia de comorbilidad psicológica y/o psiquiátrica. Conclusión: Estudios futuros deberían explorar el papel de la inseguridad de los adolescentes como factor de riesgo de síntomas psicopatológicos.
Palabras clave:
COVID-19, salud mental, ansiedad, miedo, estudiantes
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Martínez-Lorca, M., Criado-Álvarez, J. J., Aguado Romo, R., & Martínez-Lorca, A. (2023). Síntomas somáticos, ansiedad y miedo entre chicos adolescentes españoles durante la segunda ola por Covid-19: un estudio descriptivo. MLS Psychology Research, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.33000/mlspr.v6i2.1414
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Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020) The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Alyami, M., Henning, M., Krägeloh, C., & Alyami, H. (2020). Psychometric Evaluation of the Arabic Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16, 1–14. Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00316-x
APA. (2020). www.APA_DSM5_Level-2-Somatic-Symptom-Child-Age-11-to-17%20(1).pdf
Brooks, S., Webster, R., Smith, L., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G.J. (2020a). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395, 912–920. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
Brooks, SK., Smith L., Webster R., Weston, D., Woodland, L., Hall, I. & Rubin, J. (2020b). The impact of unplanned school closure on children's social contact: rapid evidence review. OSF. Doi: 10.31219/osf.io/2txsr
Buela-Casal, G., & Guillén-Riquelme, A. (2017). Short form of the Spanish adaptation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 17(3), 261-268. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.07.003
Cano-Vindel, A., Salguero, J. M., Wood, C. M., Dongil, E., & Latorre, J. M. (2012). La depresión en atención primaria: Prevalencia, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Papeles Del Psicólogo, 33(1), 2-11.
Cerutti, R., Spensieri, V., Valastro, C., Presaghi, F., Canitano, R. & Guidetti, V. (2017) A comprehensive approach to understand somatic symptoms and their impact on emotional and psychosocial functioning in children. PLoS ONE, 12 (2): e0171867. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171867
Decosimo, C., Hanson, J., Quinn, M., Badu, P., & Smith, E. (2019). Playing to live: Outcome evaluation of a community-based psychosocial expressive arts program for children during the Liberian Ebola epidemic. Global Mental Health, 6, E3. doi:10.1017/gmh.2019.1
Duan, L., Shao, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Miao, J., Yang, X., & Zhu, G. (2020). An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in china during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 112-118. Doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.029
Gozpinar, N., Cakiroglu, S., Kalinii, E., Ertas, E., & Gormez, V. (2021). Turkish Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Validity and reliability study for children and adolescents. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 34(1), 32-40. Doi: 10.14744/DAJPNS.2021.00118.
Hinz, A., Ernst, J., Glaesmer, H., Brähler, E., Rauscher, F.G., Petrowski, K., Kocalevent, R.D., (2017). Frequency of somatic symptoms in the general population: normative values for the patient health questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15). Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 96, 27–31. Doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.12.017
Jiao, W.Y., Wang, L.N., Liu, J., Fang, S.F., Jiao, F.Y., Pettoello-Mantovani, M. & Somekh, E. (2020). Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Children during the COVID-19 The Journal of Pediatrics, 221, 264–266.e1. Doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013
Kılınçel, Ş., Kılınçel, O., Muratdağı, G., Aydın, A., & Usta, M. B. (2021). Factors affecting the anxiety levels of adolescents in home‐quarantine during COVID‐19 pandemic in Turkey. Asia‐Pacific Psychiatry, 13(2), e12406. Doi:10.1111/appy.12406
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, RL. & Williams, JB. (2002). The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 258-66.
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2010). The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: A systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(4), 345-359. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006
Lang, P.J. (1979): Emotional imagery and visceral control. En R.J. Gatchel y K.P. Price (Eds.): Clinical applications of biofeedback: appraisal and status. Pergamon Press
Lee, J. (2020). Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(6), 421. Doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30109-7.
Lin, C.-Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior, 3(1), 1–2. Doi. 10.4103/SHB.SHB_11_20.
Liu, S.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Y. Somatic symptoms and concern regarding COVID-19 among Chinese college and primary school students: A cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113070. Doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113070
Masuyama, A., Shinkawa, H., & Kubo, T. (2020). Validation and psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the fear of COVID-19 scale among adolescents. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-11. Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00368-z
Meherali, S.; Punjani, N.; Louie-Poon, S.; Abdul Rahim, K.; Das, J.K.; Salam, R.A.; Lassi, Z.S. (2021). Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 3432. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph18073432
Monge S, Zamalloa PL, Moros MJS, Olaso OP, Miguel LGS, Varela C, … Rodríguez BS. (2021). Lifting COVID-19 mitigation measures in Spain (May-June 2020), Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2021.05.011
Nearchou, F., Flinn, C., Niland, R., Subramaniam, S. S., & Hennessy, E. (2020). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on mental health outcomes in children and adolescents: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8479. doi:10.3390/ijerph17228479
Panovska-Griffiths J, Kerr CC, Stuart RM, Mistry D, Klein DJ, Viner RM, Bonell C. (2020). Determining the optimal strategy for reopening schools, the impact of test and trace interventions, and the risk of occurrence of a second COVID-19 epidemic wave in the UK: a modelling study. Lancet Child and Adolescent Health, 4(11):817-827. Doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30250-9.
Reznik, A., Gritsenko, V., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., & Isralowitz, R. (2020). COVID-19 Fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1‐6. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00283-3
Ros Montalbán, S., Comas Vives, A., Garcia-Garcia, M. (2010). Validación de la versión española del cuestionario PHQ-15 para la evaluación de síntomas físicos en pacientes con trastornos de depresión y/o ansiedad: estudio depre-soma. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 38, 345–357.
Rubin, G. J., & Wessely, S. (2020). The psychological effects of quarantining a city. BMJ, 368, m313. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.m313
Sakib, N., Bhuiyan, AKMI., Hossain S, et al. (2020). Psychometric Validation of the Bangla Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Rasch Analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 1-12. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00289-x
Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M., & Satici, S. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its Association with Psychological Distress and Life Satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
Seçer, İ. & Ulaş, S. (2020). An Investigation of the Effect of COVID-19 on OCD in Youth in the Context of Emotional Reactivity, Experiential Avoidance, Depression and Anxiety. International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction, 13, 1-14. Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00322
Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well–being. Simon & Schuster.
Singh, S., Roy, M. D., Sinha, C. P. T. M. K., Parveen, C. P. T. M. S., Sharma, C. P. T. G., & Joshi, C. P. T. G. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review with recommendations. Psychiatry Research, 113429. Doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429
Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9). Doi: 10.2196/21279.
Soraci, P., Ferrari, A., Abbiati, F. A., Del Fante, E., De Pace, R., Urso, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-10. Doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00277-1
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI (Form Y). Palo Alto. CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Van Knippenberg, F.C.E., Duivenvoorden, H.J., Bonke, B., & Passchiner, J. (1990). Shortening the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 43, 995-1000.
Viner, R. M., Russell, S. J., Croker, H., Packer, J., Ward, J., Stansfield, C., et al. (2020). School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(5), 397–404. Doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30095-X.
Wang, C., Horby, PW., Hayden, FG, et al. (2020). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 395(10223), 470–473. Doi: 10.1016/S0140 6736(20)30185-9.
World Health Organization. (2020a). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Report–136. https:// www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200604-covid- 19-sitrep-136.pdf?sfvrsn=fd36550b_2.
World Health Organization. (2020b). COVID-19: Resources for Adolescents and Youth. https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/links/covid-19-mncahresources-adolescents-and-youth/en/.
Zhou, S.J., Zhang, L.G., Wang, L.L., Guo, Z.C., Wang, J.Q., Chen, J.C., Liu, M., Chen, X. & Chen, J.X. (2020). Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(6), 749–758. Doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01541-4
Alyami, M., Henning, M., Krägeloh, C., & Alyami, H. (2020). Psychometric Evaluation of the Arabic Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16, 1–14. Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00316-x
APA. (2020). www.APA_DSM5_Level-2-Somatic-Symptom-Child-Age-11-to-17%20(1).pdf
Brooks, S., Webster, R., Smith, L., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G.J. (2020a). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395, 912–920. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
Brooks, SK., Smith L., Webster R., Weston, D., Woodland, L., Hall, I. & Rubin, J. (2020b). The impact of unplanned school closure on children's social contact: rapid evidence review. OSF. Doi: 10.31219/osf.io/2txsr
Buela-Casal, G., & Guillén-Riquelme, A. (2017). Short form of the Spanish adaptation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 17(3), 261-268. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.07.003
Cano-Vindel, A., Salguero, J. M., Wood, C. M., Dongil, E., & Latorre, J. M. (2012). La depresión en atención primaria: Prevalencia, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Papeles Del Psicólogo, 33(1), 2-11.
Cerutti, R., Spensieri, V., Valastro, C., Presaghi, F., Canitano, R. & Guidetti, V. (2017) A comprehensive approach to understand somatic symptoms and their impact on emotional and psychosocial functioning in children. PLoS ONE, 12 (2): e0171867. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171867
Decosimo, C., Hanson, J., Quinn, M., Badu, P., & Smith, E. (2019). Playing to live: Outcome evaluation of a community-based psychosocial expressive arts program for children during the Liberian Ebola epidemic. Global Mental Health, 6, E3. doi:10.1017/gmh.2019.1
Duan, L., Shao, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Miao, J., Yang, X., & Zhu, G. (2020). An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in china during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 112-118. Doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.029
Gozpinar, N., Cakiroglu, S., Kalinii, E., Ertas, E., & Gormez, V. (2021). Turkish Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Validity and reliability study for children and adolescents. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 34(1), 32-40. Doi: 10.14744/DAJPNS.2021.00118.
Hinz, A., Ernst, J., Glaesmer, H., Brähler, E., Rauscher, F.G., Petrowski, K., Kocalevent, R.D., (2017). Frequency of somatic symptoms in the general population: normative values for the patient health questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15). Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 96, 27–31. Doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.12.017
Jiao, W.Y., Wang, L.N., Liu, J., Fang, S.F., Jiao, F.Y., Pettoello-Mantovani, M. & Somekh, E. (2020). Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Children during the COVID-19 The Journal of Pediatrics, 221, 264–266.e1. Doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013
Kılınçel, Ş., Kılınçel, O., Muratdağı, G., Aydın, A., & Usta, M. B. (2021). Factors affecting the anxiety levels of adolescents in home‐quarantine during COVID‐19 pandemic in Turkey. Asia‐Pacific Psychiatry, 13(2), e12406. Doi:10.1111/appy.12406
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, RL. & Williams, JB. (2002). The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 258-66.
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2010). The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: A systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(4), 345-359. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006
Lang, P.J. (1979): Emotional imagery and visceral control. En R.J. Gatchel y K.P. Price (Eds.): Clinical applications of biofeedback: appraisal and status. Pergamon Press
Lee, J. (2020). Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(6), 421. Doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30109-7.
Lin, C.-Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior, 3(1), 1–2. Doi. 10.4103/SHB.SHB_11_20.
Liu, S.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Y. Somatic symptoms and concern regarding COVID-19 among Chinese college and primary school students: A cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113070. Doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113070
Masuyama, A., Shinkawa, H., & Kubo, T. (2020). Validation and psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the fear of COVID-19 scale among adolescents. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-11. Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00368-z
Meherali, S.; Punjani, N.; Louie-Poon, S.; Abdul Rahim, K.; Das, J.K.; Salam, R.A.; Lassi, Z.S. (2021). Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 3432. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph18073432
Monge S, Zamalloa PL, Moros MJS, Olaso OP, Miguel LGS, Varela C, … Rodríguez BS. (2021). Lifting COVID-19 mitigation measures in Spain (May-June 2020), Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2021.05.011
Nearchou, F., Flinn, C., Niland, R., Subramaniam, S. S., & Hennessy, E. (2020). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on mental health outcomes in children and adolescents: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8479. doi:10.3390/ijerph17228479
Panovska-Griffiths J, Kerr CC, Stuart RM, Mistry D, Klein DJ, Viner RM, Bonell C. (2020). Determining the optimal strategy for reopening schools, the impact of test and trace interventions, and the risk of occurrence of a second COVID-19 epidemic wave in the UK: a modelling study. Lancet Child and Adolescent Health, 4(11):817-827. Doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30250-9.
Reznik, A., Gritsenko, V., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., & Isralowitz, R. (2020). COVID-19 Fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1‐6. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00283-3
Ros Montalbán, S., Comas Vives, A., Garcia-Garcia, M. (2010). Validación de la versión española del cuestionario PHQ-15 para la evaluación de síntomas físicos en pacientes con trastornos de depresión y/o ansiedad: estudio depre-soma. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 38, 345–357.
Rubin, G. J., & Wessely, S. (2020). The psychological effects of quarantining a city. BMJ, 368, m313. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.m313
Sakib, N., Bhuiyan, AKMI., Hossain S, et al. (2020). Psychometric Validation of the Bangla Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Rasch Analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 1-12. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00289-x
Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M., & Satici, S. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its Association with Psychological Distress and Life Satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
Seçer, İ. & Ulaş, S. (2020). An Investigation of the Effect of COVID-19 on OCD in Youth in the Context of Emotional Reactivity, Experiential Avoidance, Depression and Anxiety. International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction, 13, 1-14. Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00322
Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well–being. Simon & Schuster.
Singh, S., Roy, M. D., Sinha, C. P. T. M. K., Parveen, C. P. T. M. S., Sharma, C. P. T. G., & Joshi, C. P. T. G. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review with recommendations. Psychiatry Research, 113429. Doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429
Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9). Doi: 10.2196/21279.
Soraci, P., Ferrari, A., Abbiati, F. A., Del Fante, E., De Pace, R., Urso, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-10. Doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00277-1
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI (Form Y). Palo Alto. CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Van Knippenberg, F.C.E., Duivenvoorden, H.J., Bonke, B., & Passchiner, J. (1990). Shortening the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 43, 995-1000.
Viner, R. M., Russell, S. J., Croker, H., Packer, J., Ward, J., Stansfield, C., et al. (2020). School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(5), 397–404. Doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30095-X.
Wang, C., Horby, PW., Hayden, FG, et al. (2020). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 395(10223), 470–473. Doi: 10.1016/S0140 6736(20)30185-9.
World Health Organization. (2020a). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Report–136. https:// www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200604-covid- 19-sitrep-136.pdf?sfvrsn=fd36550b_2.
World Health Organization. (2020b). COVID-19: Resources for Adolescents and Youth. https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/links/covid-19-mncahresources-adolescents-and-youth/en/.
Zhou, S.J., Zhang, L.G., Wang, L.L., Guo, Z.C., Wang, J.Q., Chen, J.C., Liu, M., Chen, X. & Chen, J.X. (2020). Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(6), 749–758. Doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01541-4
