Effects of non-farm paid work in agricultural productivity and well-being. Evidence from the provinces of Gaza and Maputo, southern Mozambique in 2015
Published Jun 5, 2019
Abstract
In order to make livelihood viable, small and medium holders of agricultural holdings participate in non-farm activities such as wage work. This situation reduce the time devoted to agriculture and causes food insecurity but in other cases increases their agricultural productivity and welfare.This paper assess the role and determinants of non-farm wage labor (NFWL), agricultural productivity and well-being of holders of small and medium farms in Gaza and Maputo, Southern Mozambique. The study is based on the results database of the integrated agrarian survey of 2015, conducted by the Mozambique Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. Thus, the families participating in NFWL were estimated, segmented by the socio-demographic, productive process and the family welfare indicators by province. The findings show that 55.4% of the farmers occupied by the NFWL in 2015, a major contribution to employment. The factors associated with that participation were the relatively low age, large family size, being unmarried, male household Chief, relatively high schooling, small extension of cultivated land and low food reserve. This situation led to higher agricultural productivity and well-being among NFWL participants by high access to drinking water, domestic animals, cell phones and bicycles. This has led to a favorable self-assessment of the household's economic situation compared to the previous three years, suggesting that NFWL combined with agriculture can constitute a sustainable rural development policy strategy.
Keywords:
Small and medium-sized farms, non-farm labor, agricultural productivity, welfare
Article Details
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Cossa, A. (2019). Effects of non-farm paid work in agricultural productivity and well-being. Evidence from the provinces of Gaza and Maputo, southern Mozambique in 2015. MLS Psychology Research, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.33000/mlspr.v2i1.164
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References
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Fuller, A.M. (1990). From part-time farming to pluriactivity: a decade of change in Rural Europe.Journal of Rural Studies 6, 361-373. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/074301679090049E
Haggblade, S., Hazell, P., & Reardon, T. (2010). The rural non-farm economy: prospects for growth and poverty reduction. World Development 38(10), 1429-1441· Retrieved from doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.008
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Jatta, S. (2013). Non-farm wages and poverty alleviation in developing countries. MPRA Paper. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/47180/1/MPRA_paper_47180.pdf
Kaur, S., Kulkarni, V.S., Gaiha, R. & Pandey, M.K. (2010). Prospects of Non-Farm Employment and Welfare in Rural Areas. Working Paper. Retrieved from https://crawford.anu.edu.au/acde/asarc/pdf/papers/2010/WP2010_05.pdf
Massingarela, C., Nhate, V., & Oya, C. (2005). Mercados Rurais em Moçambique: Um estudo sobre o trabalho assalariado temporário e informal nas zonas rurais de Manica, Nampula e Zambézia. Discussion paper. Maputo.
Mehta, G.S. (2002). Non-farm economy and farm economy and rural development. Giri Institute of Development Studies. Dehli. Retrieved from http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_nfeco.pdf
Ministério da Agricultura e Segurança Alimentar. (2017). Resultados do inquérito agrário integrado 2015. Retrieved from https://www.masa.gov.mz/estatisticas/inquerito-agrícola-integrado/
Ministério da Planificação e Desenvolvimento. (2009). Decreto n° 90/2009 de 15 de Dezembro de 2009 – Regulamento que aprova o Fundo de Desenvolvimento Distrital. Maputo.
Ministério de Economia e Finanças. (2016). Pobreza e bem-estar em Moçambique: Quarta Avaliação Nacional (2014/2015). Maputo.
Nascimento, C.A.Do. (2005). Pluriactividade, pobreza rural e políticas públicas. (Tese de doutorado Universidade Estadual de Campinas). Retrieved from http://repositorio.unicamp.br/
Organizacion das Naciones Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentacion. (2012). Marco estratégico de mediano plazo de cooperación de la FAO en agricultura familiar en América Latina y el Caribe. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/docrep/019/as169s/as169s.pdf
Ovwigho, B.O. (2014). Factors influencing involvement in nonfarm income generating activities among local farmers: The Case of Ughelli South Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 3(1). Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Factors-Influencing-Involvement-in-Nonfarm-Income-%3A-Ovwigho/1afdf5c728738fcc9528ba5cb52608ec62680e4c.
Paudel, Krishna. (2002). Part time Farming, Farm Productivity, and Farm Income: Evidence from The Southeast US. The American Agricultural Economics Association´s Annual Meeting Document, July 2002:1-10.
Rantšo, T.A. (2016). The role of the non-farm sector in rural development in Lesotho. J.of Modern African Studies, 54(2), 317–378. doi: 10.1017/S0022278X16000197
Reardon, T. (2015). Rural non-farm income in developing countries. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/públication/247437478
Reardon, T. (1997). Using evidence of household income diversification to inform study of the rural nonfarm labor market in Africa. World Development, 25(5), 735-748. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
Schneider, S. (2003). Teoria social, agricultura familiar e pluriatividade. Revista brasileira de ciências sociais, 18(2), 99-121. Retrieved from https://www.Scielo.br/pdf/
Schneider, S. (1999). Agricultura familiar e pluriactividade.(Tese de Doutoramento da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul). Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Sociologia – Porto Alegre.
Silva, L.R. D., & Kodithuwakku, S. (2010). Pluriactivity, entrepreneurship and socio-economic success of rural households. Manchester Business School Working Paper, Nº 596. Retrieved from https://www.mbs.ac.uk/research/workingpapers/
Silva, L.R. D & S. Kodithuwakku. (2005). Pluriactivity and Socio-economic Success of Rural Households.Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Economics, 7(1), 85-108.
United Nations Statistics Division. (2004). International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 4. Retrieved from https://www.cepal.org/deype/
Zhu, N., & Luo, X. (2005). Impacts of non-farm income on inequality and poverty: the case of rural China. Retrieved from https://www.demoscope.ru/weeklykinigi/tours
Awoniyi, O.A., & Salman, K.K. (2011). Non-Farm Income Diversification and Welfare Status of Rural Households in South West Zone of Nigeria. Retrieved from https://addis2011.ifpri.info/files
Babatunde, R.O. (2015). On-farm and off-farm Works: complements or substitutes? Evidence from Rural Nigeria. Working paper nº2. Retrieved from https://www.msm-nlmsm-wp2015-02.pdf
Bartlett, P.F. (1986). Part Time farming: Saving the farm or saving the life style. Rural Sociology, 51 (1986), 289-313.
Barrett, C.B., Reardon, T., & Webb, P. (2001). Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics, and policy implications. Food Policy, 26(1), 315–333. Retrieved from https://www.elsevier.com/locate/foodpol.
Barrett, C.B., & Reardon, T. (2000). Asset, Activity, and income Diversification among African agriculturalist: Some pratical issues. Retrieved from https:// web.worldbank.org/archive/website01066/
Bezu, S., Barrett, C.B., & Holden, S.T. (2012). Does the nonfarm economy offer pathways for upward mobility? Evidence from a panel data study in Ethiopia. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/35754/
Blad, M. (2014). Pluriactivities on familyfarms. Wieś I Rolnictwo, 4 (165) 45-59. Retrieved from https://www.ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/
Boughton, D., Mather, D., Tschirley, D., Walker, T., Cunguara, B., & Payongayong, E. (2006). Changes in Rural Household Income Patterns in Mozambique, 1996-2002, and Implications for Agriculture’s Contribution to Poverty Reduction. Research Report. Ministry of Agriculture. Maputo.
Bryceso, D.F. (2002). Multiplex livelihoods in rural Africa: Recasting the terms and conditions of gainful employment. The Journal of Modern Studies, (3) 2002. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/públication/231919389
Cardoso, J.G. (2013). Agricultura familiar, Pluriactividade e políticas públicas na região do nordeste e sul do Brasil nos anos 1990 e 2000: Trajectórias e desafios. (Tese de doutorado Universidade Federal de Uberlândia). Retrieved from https://www.reformaarariaemdados.org.br
Chikwama, C. (2004). Rural Off-Farm Employment and Farm Investment: An Analytical Framework and Evidence from Zimbabwe. Discussion Paper. Retrieved from https://www.agecon earch.umn.edu/bitstream
Cunguara, B. (2011). Assessing strategies to reduce poverty in rural Mozambique. (Doctoral Thesis). University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences. Viena. Retrieved from https://www.wiso.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/data/h03000/h730000/pub
Cunguara, B., Langyntuo, A., & Dranhofer, I. (2011). The role of nonfarm income in coping with the effects of drought in Southern Mozambique. Agricultural Economics, 42(11), 701-713. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2011.00542.x
Dary, S.K., & Kuunibe, N. (2012). Participation in Rural Non-Farm Economic Activities in Ghana. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 2(8). Retrieved from https://www.Ajijcrnet.com/journals
Davis, J. (2006). Rural non-farm livelihoods in transition economies: emerging issues and policies. Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics, 3(2) 180–224. Retrieved from https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/112606/files/ah756e00.pdf
Ellis, F. (2000). Rural Livelihoods and diversity in Developing Countries. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.mz/books?id=gCKQs-3NKhUC&printsec=frontcover&hl=pt-PT
Feijó, J., & Agy, A. (2015). Do modo de vida camponês à pluriactividade - impacto do assalariamento urbano na economia familiar rural. Observatório do meio rural. Documento de trabalho Nº30. Retrieved from https://omrmz.org/omrweb/publicacoes/
Fuller, A.M. (1990). From part-time farming to pluriactivity: a decade of change in Rural Europe.Journal of Rural Studies 6, 361-373. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/074301679090049E
Haggblade, S., Hazell, P., & Reardon, T. (2010). The rural non-farm economy: prospects for growth and poverty reduction. World Development 38(10), 1429-1441· Retrieved from doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.008
Haggblade, S., Hazell, P., & Reardon, T. (Eds). (2007). Transformig the rural nonfarm economy: Opportunities and Threats in developing world. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265143346_Transforming_the_Rural_Non-Farm_Economy/download
Jatta, S. (2013). Non-farm wages and poverty alleviation in developing countries. MPRA Paper. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/47180/1/MPRA_paper_47180.pdf
Kaur, S., Kulkarni, V.S., Gaiha, R. & Pandey, M.K. (2010). Prospects of Non-Farm Employment and Welfare in Rural Areas. Working Paper. Retrieved from https://crawford.anu.edu.au/acde/asarc/pdf/papers/2010/WP2010_05.pdf
Massingarela, C., Nhate, V., & Oya, C. (2005). Mercados Rurais em Moçambique: Um estudo sobre o trabalho assalariado temporário e informal nas zonas rurais de Manica, Nampula e Zambézia. Discussion paper. Maputo.
Mehta, G.S. (2002). Non-farm economy and farm economy and rural development. Giri Institute of Development Studies. Dehli. Retrieved from http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_nfeco.pdf
Ministério da Agricultura e Segurança Alimentar. (2017). Resultados do inquérito agrário integrado 2015. Retrieved from https://www.masa.gov.mz/estatisticas/inquerito-agrícola-integrado/
Ministério da Planificação e Desenvolvimento. (2009). Decreto n° 90/2009 de 15 de Dezembro de 2009 – Regulamento que aprova o Fundo de Desenvolvimento Distrital. Maputo.
Ministério de Economia e Finanças. (2016). Pobreza e bem-estar em Moçambique: Quarta Avaliação Nacional (2014/2015). Maputo.
Nascimento, C.A.Do. (2005). Pluriactividade, pobreza rural e políticas públicas. (Tese de doutorado Universidade Estadual de Campinas). Retrieved from http://repositorio.unicamp.br/
Organizacion das Naciones Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentacion. (2012). Marco estratégico de mediano plazo de cooperación de la FAO en agricultura familiar en América Latina y el Caribe. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/docrep/019/as169s/as169s.pdf
Ovwigho, B.O. (2014). Factors influencing involvement in nonfarm income generating activities among local farmers: The Case of Ughelli South Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 3(1). Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Factors-Influencing-Involvement-in-Nonfarm-Income-%3A-Ovwigho/1afdf5c728738fcc9528ba5cb52608ec62680e4c.
Paudel, Krishna. (2002). Part time Farming, Farm Productivity, and Farm Income: Evidence from The Southeast US. The American Agricultural Economics Association´s Annual Meeting Document, July 2002:1-10.
Rantšo, T.A. (2016). The role of the non-farm sector in rural development in Lesotho. J.of Modern African Studies, 54(2), 317–378. doi: 10.1017/S0022278X16000197
Reardon, T. (2015). Rural non-farm income in developing countries. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/públication/247437478
Reardon, T. (1997). Using evidence of household income diversification to inform study of the rural nonfarm labor market in Africa. World Development, 25(5), 735-748. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
Schneider, S. (2003). Teoria social, agricultura familiar e pluriatividade. Revista brasileira de ciências sociais, 18(2), 99-121. Retrieved from https://www.Scielo.br/pdf/
Schneider, S. (1999). Agricultura familiar e pluriactividade.(Tese de Doutoramento da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul). Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Sociologia – Porto Alegre.
Silva, L.R. D., & Kodithuwakku, S. (2010). Pluriactivity, entrepreneurship and socio-economic success of rural households. Manchester Business School Working Paper, Nº 596. Retrieved from https://www.mbs.ac.uk/research/workingpapers/
Silva, L.R. D & S. Kodithuwakku. (2005). Pluriactivity and Socio-economic Success of Rural Households.Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Economics, 7(1), 85-108.
United Nations Statistics Division. (2004). International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 4. Retrieved from https://www.cepal.org/deype/
Zhu, N., & Luo, X. (2005). Impacts of non-farm income on inequality and poverty: the case of rural China. Retrieved from https://www.demoscope.ru/weeklykinigi/tours
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Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
