MLS Psychology Research
Vol. 4 Núm. 1 (2021)
ISSN: 2605-5295
Estrés percibido en adultos mayores mediante el uso de robots sociales durante Covid-19
Publicado May 18, 2021
Resumen
En 2019 se inició una pandemia debido al Coronavirus o Covid-19. Las consecuencias de las limitaciones sociales impuestas en los ancianos con la ausencia total o parcial del contacto físico han provocado una disminución de la salud mental debido al aumento del estrés percibido llegando a desembocar en un aumento de la sintomatología depresiva o ansiosa. Esta investigación consta de 22 personas entre 70 y 90 años con deterioro cognitivo leve o moderado distribuidos al azar en G.E. y G. C. Se llevan a cabo 15 sesiones de relajación con la herramienta de un robot social en G.E. y solamente relajación en el G.C. La evaluación se realiza con una medición a través del Cuestionario de Estrés Percibido antes y después del proceso, además de una medición de la frecuencia cardiaca antes y después de la última sesión. Los resultados muestran una disminución significativa en el estrés percibido en el G.E. mientras que no es significativa en el G.C. En ambos grupos disminuye significativamente la frecuencia cardiaca. Por lo tanto, el robot social como herramienta terapéutica puede tener un papel relevante en el tratamiento de la salud mental de las personas mayores.
Palabras clave:
Covid-19, geriatría, estrés percibido, robot social, deterioro cognitivo
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Corral Barrio, V. (2021). Estrés percibido en adultos mayores mediante el uso de robots sociales durante Covid-19. MLS Psychology Research, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.33000/mlspr.v4i1.598
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Moutier, C. (2020). Suicide Prevention in the COVID-19 Era Transforming Threat Into Opportunity. JAMA Psychiatry, 3, 12. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3746
Niu, S., Tian, S., Lou, J., Kang, X., Zhang, L., Lian, H., & Zhang, J. (2020). Clinical characteristics of older patients infected with COVID-19: A descriptive study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 89, 104058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2020.104058
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Aracil, R.; Balaguer, C. & Armada, M. (2008). Robots de servicio. Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática Industrial, 5(2), 6-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1697-7912(08)70140-7
Burdorff, A., Porru, F., & Rugulies, R. (2020). The COVID-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic: consequences for occupational health. Scand J Work Environ Health, 46(3), 229-230. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3893
Carod-Artal, J. (2020). Complicaciones neurológicas por coronavirus y Covid-19. Revista de Neurología, 70, 311-322. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.7009.2020179
Cava, M., & Musitu, G. (2000). Bienestar psicosocial en ancianos institucionalizados y no institucionalizados. Revista multidisciplinar de gerontología, 10(4), 215-221. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255632096_Bienestar_psicosocial_en_ancianos_institucionalizados_y_no_institucionalizados
Chhertri, J., Chan, P., Arai, H., Chul Park, S., Sriyani, P., Setiati, S., & Assantachai, P. (2020). Prevention of Covid-19 in older aldults: a brief guidance from the international association for gerontology and geriatrics (IAGG) Asia/Oceania Region. Journal Nutri Heath Aging, 24(5), 471-472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1359-7
Chopik, W. (2016). The Benefits of Social Technology Use Among Older Adults Are Mediated by Reduced Loneliness. Cyberpsychology, Behabior, and social networking, 0, 151. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0151
Cipriani, G., Bianchetti, A., & Trabucchi, M. (2006). Outcomes of a computer-based cognitive rehabilitation program on Alzheimer’s disease patients compared with those on patients affected by mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 43(3), 327-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2005.12.003
Galea, S. (2020). The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical Distancing.The Need for Prevention and Early Intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(6), 817-818. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562
Gallo-Estrada, J., & Molina-Mula, J. (2015). Factores que inciden en la soledad residencial de las personas mayores que viven solas. Gerokomos, 26(1), 3-9. http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/geroko/v26n1/original1.pdf
González-Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., Castellanos, M., Sáiz, J., López-Gómez, A., Ugidos, C., & Muñoz, M. (2020). Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 172-176. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7219372/
Gouseff, M., Penot, P., Gallay, L., Batisse, D., Benech, N., Bouiller, K., & Bothelo, E. (2020). Clinical recurrences of COVID-19 symptoms after recovery: Viral relapse, reinfection or inflammatory rebound? Journal of Infection, 81(5), 816-846. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7326402/
Hayasi, R., & Kato, S. (2017). Psychological effects of physical embodiment in artificial pet therapy. Artificial Life and Robotics, 22, 58-63. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10015-016-0320-7
Heerink, M., Krose, B., Wielinga, B., & Evers, V. (2010). Assessing acceptance of assistive social agent technology by older adults: The Almere model. International Journal of Social Robotics, 2, 361-375. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12369-010-0068-5
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352
Huarcaya-Victoria, J. (2020). Consideraciones sobre la salud mental en la pandemia de Covid-19. Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud pública, 37(2), 327-334. https://scielosp.org/article/rpmesp/2020.v37n2/327-334/es/
Hyuk, W., & Kim, Y. (2013). Robot-assisted Therapy in Stroke Rehabilitation. Journal of Stroke, 15(3), 174-181. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3859002/
Kang, L., Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, M., Yang, C., Yang, B., & Wang, Y. (2020). The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lanced Psychiatry, 7(3), 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7129673/
Laun, L. (2003). Benefits of pet therapy in dementia. Home Healthcare Nurse, 21(1), 49-52. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004045-200301000-00011
Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). El concepto de afrontamiento en estrés y procesos cognitivos. Martínez Roca.
Levenstein, S., Prantera, C., Varvo, V., Scribano, M., Berto, E., Luzi, C., & Andreoli, A. (1993). Development of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire: a new tool for psychosomatic research. journal psychosomatic research, 3999(93), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(93)90120-5
Lin, L., & Ensel, W. (1989). Life stress and health: Stressors and resources. American Sociological Review, 54, 382-399. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095612
Loomis, J., & Blascovich, J. (1999). Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(4), 557-564. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03200735.pdf
Losada-Baltar, A., Márquez-González, M., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Pedroso-Chaparro, M., Gallego-Alberto, L., & Fernándes-Pires, J. (2020). Diferencias en función de la edad y la autopercepción del envejecimiento en ansiedad, tristeza, soledad y sintomatología comórbida ansioso-depresiva durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 55(5), 272-278. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7269939/
Madoz, V. (1998). 10 palabras clave sobre los miedos del hombre moderno (Estella Navarral).
McGlynn, S., Snook, B., Kemple, S., Mitzner, T., & Rogers, W. (2014). Therapeutic robots for older adults: investigating the potential of paro. International conference on Human-Robot interaction, 14, 246-247. https://doi.org/10.1145/2559636.2559846
Montgomery, D. (1991). Design and Analysis of Experiments (8.a ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. http://faculty.business.utsa.edu/manderso/STA4723/readings/Douglas-C.-Montgomery-Design-and-Analysis-of-Experiments-Wiley-2012.pdf
Moutier, C. (2020). Suicide Prevention in the COVID-19 Era Transforming Threat Into Opportunity. JAMA Psychiatry, 3, 12. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3746
Niu, S., Tian, S., Lou, J., Kang, X., Zhang, L., Lian, H., & Zhang, J. (2020). Clinical characteristics of older patients infected with COVID-19: A descriptive study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 89, 104058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2020.104058
Oliveira, L., Guimarães, M., de Melo, A., Souza, L., & Cotta, M. (2010). Evaluation of cognitive Technologies in geriatric rehabilitation: A case study pilot project. Wiley InterScience, 17, 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/oti.290
Ortiz, E. (2012). Theoretical and Methodological Levels in Educational Research. Cinta Moebio, 43, 14-23. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-554X2012000100002
Ortiz, J. B., & Castro, M. (2009). Bienestar psicológico de los adultos mayores, relación con la autoestima y la autoeficacia. Ciencia y enfermería, 1, 25-31. https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/cienf/v15n1/art04.pdf
Padilla-Góngora, D. & Padilla-Clemente, A. M. (2008. Technologies for the Elder-ly. Universitas Psychologica, 7(3), 883-894. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26624811_Tecnologies_for_the_Elderly
Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, behavior and Immunity, 88, 901-907. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7206431/
Pérez Díaz, J., Abellán García, A., Aceituno Nieto, P., & Ramiro Fariñas, D. (2020). Un perfil de las personas mayores en España, 2020. Indicadores estadísticos básicos. Informes Envejecimiento en red, 25, 39. http://envejecimiento.csic.es/documentos/documentos/enred-indicadoresbasicos2020.pdf
Poblador-Pou, B., Carmona-Pirez, J., Loakeim, I., Poncel-Falcó, A., Bliek-Bueno, K., Cano-del Pozo, M., … Prados-Torres, A. (2020). settings Open AccessArticle Baseline Chronic Comorbidity and Mortality in Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Cases: Results from the PRECOVID Study in Spain. International Journal Environmental research and public heath, 17(14), 5171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145171
Rabbitt, S., Kazdin, A., & Scassellati, B. (2015). Integrating socially assistive robotics into mental healthcare interventions: Applications and recommendations for expanded use. Clinical psychology review, 35, 35-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.07.001
Robinson, H., Macdonald, B., Kerse, N., & Broadbent, E. (2013). The psychosocial effects of a companion robot: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 14(9), 661-667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.02.007
Roy, J., Jain, R., Golamari, R., Vunnam, R., & Sahu, N. (2020). COVID-19 in the geriatric population. Journal Geriatric Psychiatry, 3(10), 1002. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5389
Sanz-Carrillo, C., García-Campayo, J., Rubio, A., Santed, M. A., & Montoro, M. (2002). Validation of the spanish version of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52, 167-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00275-6
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