MLS Sport Research
Vol. 3 Núm. 2 (2023)
ISSN: 2792-7156
Acuerdo de expertos sobre la programación del sparring en boxeo utilizando una técnica delphi
Publicado Nov 17, 2023
Resumen
Durante el sparring se reciben una gran cantidad de impactos en la cabeza, cuya acumulación a lo largo de las carreras de los púgiles podría provocar lesiones cerebrales con importantes secuelas neuropsiquiátricas. Considerando lo antedicho, esta investigación se desarrolló para promover un acuerdo entre expertos sobre el manejo y la dosificación de los rounds de sparring, con el fin de establecer y promover una práctica más segura y eficaz. Se utilizó una técnica Delphi de 4 rounds, entre un panel de 30 entrenadores expertos en boxeo de Argentina, México, Chile y Ecuador. Se consideró como válido el criterio de acuerdo siempre y cuando se alcanzara un porcentaje de consenso en las respuestas ≥50% en el round 2 y una media >3 (escala Likert) en el round 4. Luego del envío de los Rounds 1 y 2, se obtuvo un consenso en lo que respecta a la importancia de su práctica, las protecciones necesarias, experiencia y peso/categoría de los compañeros, frecuencia mínima/máxima semanal y los criterios con los que se fundamenta la dosificación del número de rounds. También se indagó sobre la cantidad de rounds mínimos/máximos, pero en este caso solo se alcanzó un consenso sobre su dosificación en boxeo amateur. Del mismo modo, se buscó conocer la intensidad mínima/máxima recomendada, no pudiéndose alcanzar un consenso para la mínima en boxeo profesional, aunque si para la máxima y ambas en boxeo amateur. Luego del envío de los rounds 3 y 4, se alcanzó un acuerdo final entre 17 de los expertos para todos los ítems sobre los que se había alcanzado consenso anteriormente.
Palabras clave:
Sparring, round, boxeo, púgil, lesiones, Delphi
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Cómo citar
Rezzonico, G., Dzurovcin, W., & Perrone, M. L. (2023). Acuerdo de expertos sobre la programación del sparring en boxeo utilizando una técnica delphi. MLS Sport Research, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.54716/mlssr.v3i2.2277
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Bailey, D. M., Jones, D. W., Sinnott, A., Brugniaux, J. V., New, K. J., Hodson, D., Marley, C. J., Smirl, J. D., Ogoh, S., & Ainslie, P. N. (2013). Impaired cerebral haemodynamic function associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in professional boxers. Clinical Science, 124(3), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20120259
Baum, A. (n.d.). Safety in Combat Sports: Is Boxing Safer? Integrated Studies, 393. https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/bis437/393
Chaabène, H., Tabben, M., Mkaouer, B., Franchini, E., Negra, Y., Hammami, M., Amara, S., Chaabène, R. B., & Hachana, Y. (2015). Amateur boxing: physical and physiological attributes. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 45(3), 337–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-014-0274-7
Cunningham, J., Broglio, S. P., O'Grady, M., & Wilson, F. (2020). History of Sport-Related Concussion and Long-Term Clinical Cognitive Health Outcomes in Retired Athletes: A Systematic Review. Journal of athletic training, 55(2), 132–158. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-297-18
Davis, P., Leithäuser, R. M., & Beneke, R. (2014). The energetics of semicontact 3 x 2-min amateur boxing. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(2), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2013-0006
Dawes, J. (2008). Do data characteristics change according to the number of scale points used? An experiment using 5-point, 7-point and 10-point scales. International Journal of Market Research, 50(1), 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/147078530805000106/ASSET/147078530805000106.FP.PNG_V03
Di Virgilio, T. G., Ietswaart, M., Wilson, L., Donaldson, D. I., & Hunter, A. M. (2019). Understanding the Consequences of Repetitive Subconcussive Head Impacts in Sport: Brain Changes and Dampened Motor Control Are Seen After Boxing Practice. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNHUM.2019.00294/FULL
Finlay, M. J., Greig, M., McCarthy, J., & Page, R. M. (2020). Physical Response to Pad- and Bag-Based Boxing-Specific Training Modalities. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(4), 1052–1061. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002928
Finlay, M. J., Greig, M., Page, R. M., & Bridge, C. A. (2022). Acute physiological, endocrine, biochemical and performance responses associated with amateur boxing: A systematic review with meta-analysis. European Journal of Sport Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2063072
Follmer, B., Varga, A. A., & Zehr, E. P. (2020). Understanding concussion knowledge and behavior among mixed martial arts, boxing, kickboxing, and Muay Thai athletes and coaches. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 48(4), 417–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2020.1729668
Förstl, H., Haass, C., Hemmer, B., Meyer, B., & Halle, M. (2010). Boxing—Acute Complications and Late Sequelae: From Concussion to Dementia. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 107(47), 835. https://doi.org/10.3238/ARZTEBL.2010.0835
Gabbett T. J. (2022). The "Worst-Case Scenario": Recovery Between Repeated High-Intensity Efforts in Rugby League Match-Play. Sports health, 19417381221139437. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381221139437
Gabbett, T. J., & Gahan, C. W. (2016). Repeated High-Intensity Effort Activity in Relation to Tries Scored and Conceded during Rugby League Match-Play. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 11(4), 530–534. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0266
Gambrell, R. C. (2007). Boxing: medical care in and out of the ring. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 6(5), 317–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11932-007-0069-9
Hasson, F., Keeney, S., & McKenna, H. (2000). Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(4), 1008–1015. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1365-2648.2000.T01-1-01567.X
Hernández Rivas, R. (2020). Boxeo Olímpico. Una exploración sobre los aportes científicos para una práctica saludable (Autoedición, Ed.).
Jansen, A. E., McGrath, M., Samorezov, S., Johnston, J., Bartsch, A., & Alberts, J. (2021). Characterizing Head Impact Exposure in Men and Women During Boxing and Mixed Martial Arts. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211059815/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/10.1177_23259671211059815-FIG2.JPEG
Jones, J., & Hunter, D. (1995). Consensus methods for medical and health services research. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 311(7001), 376. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.311.7001.376
Jordan, B. D., Matser, E. J. T., Zimmerman, R. D., & Zazula, T. (1996). Sparring and cognitive function in professional boxers. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 24(5), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.3810/PSM.1996.05.1358
Lenetsky, S., Harris, N., & Brughelli, M. (2013). Assessment and Contributors of Punching Forces in Combat Sports Athletes: Implications for Strength and Conditioning. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 35(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0B013E31828B6C12
Lopes-Silva, J. P., & Franchini, E. (2021). Developing anaerobic power and capacity for combat sports athletes. Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas, 16(1s), 60–85. https://doi.org/10.18002/RAMA.V16I1S.7001
Lopez-Laval, I., Sitko, S., Muniz-Pardos, B., Cirer-Sastre, R., & Calleja-Gonzalez, J. (2020). Relationship Between Bench Press Strength and Punch Performance in Male Professional Boxers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(2), 308–312. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003362
Lota, K. S., Malliaropoulos, N., Blach, W., Kamitani, T., Ikumi, A., Korakakis, V., & Maffulli, N. (2022). Rotational head acceleration and traumatic brain injury in combat sports: a systematic review. British Medical Bulletin, 141(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/BMB/LDAC002
Ľuboslav, Š., Andrej, H., Peter, K., & Jaroslav, B. (2020). Development of specific training load in boxing. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(5), 2580–2585. https://doi.org/10.7752/JPES.2020.05352
Matas, A. (2018). Diseño del formato de escalas tipo Likert: Un estado de la cuestión. Revista Electronica de Investigacion Educativa, 20(1), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.24320/REDIE.2018.20.1.1347
McGill, S. M., Chaimberg, J. D., Frost, D. M., & Fenwick, C. M. J. (2010). Evidence of a double peak in muscle activation to enhance strike speed and force: an example with elite mixed martial arts fighters. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(2), 348–357. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0B013E3181CC23D5
Merlo, R. (2021). Boxeo Analítico. Del video a la lona (Autoedición, Ed.).
Niederberger, M., & Spranger, J. (2020). Delphi Technique in Health Sciences: A Map. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 457. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2020.00457/BIBTEX
Rezzonico, G. (2022). Entrenamiento de la Fuerza en el Boxeo: construyendo el knockout. Autoedición.
Sethi, N. K., Lenihan, M. L., Khabie, V., Chang, R. G., Aceto, T., & Beaufort, A. (2021). Safe Sparring Protocol: Reducing Head Impact Exposures During Training in Combat Sports. Journal of Combat Sports Medicine, 3(2), 20–24. https://ringsidearp.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ARP-Vol3-Iss2.pdf
Stiller, J. W., Yu, S. S., Brenner, L. A., Langenberg, P., Scrofani, P., Pannella, P., Hsu, E. B., Roberts, D. W., Monsell, R. M. T., Binks, S. W., Guzman, A., & Postolache, T. T. (2014). Sparring and Neurological Function in Professional Boxers. Frontiers in Public Health, 2(JUL). https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2014.00069
Sumsion, T. (1998). The Delphi Technique: An Adaptive Research Tool. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61(4), 153–156. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030802269806100403
Tjønndal, A., Haudenhuyse, R., de Geus, B., & Buyse, L. (2021). Concussions, cuts and cracked bones : A systematic literature review on protective headgear and head injury prevention in Olympic boxing. 13, 22(3), 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1872711
Baum, A. (n.d.). Safety in Combat Sports: Is Boxing Safer? Integrated Studies, 393. https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/bis437/393
Chaabène, H., Tabben, M., Mkaouer, B., Franchini, E., Negra, Y., Hammami, M., Amara, S., Chaabène, R. B., & Hachana, Y. (2015). Amateur boxing: physical and physiological attributes. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 45(3), 337–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-014-0274-7
Cunningham, J., Broglio, S. P., O'Grady, M., & Wilson, F. (2020). History of Sport-Related Concussion and Long-Term Clinical Cognitive Health Outcomes in Retired Athletes: A Systematic Review. Journal of athletic training, 55(2), 132–158. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-297-18
Davis, P., Leithäuser, R. M., & Beneke, R. (2014). The energetics of semicontact 3 x 2-min amateur boxing. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(2), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2013-0006
Dawes, J. (2008). Do data characteristics change according to the number of scale points used? An experiment using 5-point, 7-point and 10-point scales. International Journal of Market Research, 50(1), 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/147078530805000106/ASSET/147078530805000106.FP.PNG_V03
Di Virgilio, T. G., Ietswaart, M., Wilson, L., Donaldson, D. I., & Hunter, A. M. (2019). Understanding the Consequences of Repetitive Subconcussive Head Impacts in Sport: Brain Changes and Dampened Motor Control Are Seen After Boxing Practice. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNHUM.2019.00294/FULL
Finlay, M. J., Greig, M., McCarthy, J., & Page, R. M. (2020). Physical Response to Pad- and Bag-Based Boxing-Specific Training Modalities. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(4), 1052–1061. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002928
Finlay, M. J., Greig, M., Page, R. M., & Bridge, C. A. (2022). Acute physiological, endocrine, biochemical and performance responses associated with amateur boxing: A systematic review with meta-analysis. European Journal of Sport Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2063072
Follmer, B., Varga, A. A., & Zehr, E. P. (2020). Understanding concussion knowledge and behavior among mixed martial arts, boxing, kickboxing, and Muay Thai athletes and coaches. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 48(4), 417–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2020.1729668
Förstl, H., Haass, C., Hemmer, B., Meyer, B., & Halle, M. (2010). Boxing—Acute Complications and Late Sequelae: From Concussion to Dementia. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 107(47), 835. https://doi.org/10.3238/ARZTEBL.2010.0835
Gabbett T. J. (2022). The "Worst-Case Scenario": Recovery Between Repeated High-Intensity Efforts in Rugby League Match-Play. Sports health, 19417381221139437. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381221139437
Gabbett, T. J., & Gahan, C. W. (2016). Repeated High-Intensity Effort Activity in Relation to Tries Scored and Conceded during Rugby League Match-Play. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 11(4), 530–534. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0266
Gambrell, R. C. (2007). Boxing: medical care in and out of the ring. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 6(5), 317–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11932-007-0069-9
Hasson, F., Keeney, S., & McKenna, H. (2000). Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(4), 1008–1015. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1365-2648.2000.T01-1-01567.X
Hernández Rivas, R. (2020). Boxeo Olímpico. Una exploración sobre los aportes científicos para una práctica saludable (Autoedición, Ed.).
Jansen, A. E., McGrath, M., Samorezov, S., Johnston, J., Bartsch, A., & Alberts, J. (2021). Characterizing Head Impact Exposure in Men and Women During Boxing and Mixed Martial Arts. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211059815/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/10.1177_23259671211059815-FIG2.JPEG
Jones, J., & Hunter, D. (1995). Consensus methods for medical and health services research. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 311(7001), 376. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.311.7001.376
Jordan, B. D., Matser, E. J. T., Zimmerman, R. D., & Zazula, T. (1996). Sparring and cognitive function in professional boxers. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 24(5), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.3810/PSM.1996.05.1358
Lenetsky, S., Harris, N., & Brughelli, M. (2013). Assessment and Contributors of Punching Forces in Combat Sports Athletes: Implications for Strength and Conditioning. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 35(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0B013E31828B6C12
Lopes-Silva, J. P., & Franchini, E. (2021). Developing anaerobic power and capacity for combat sports athletes. Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas, 16(1s), 60–85. https://doi.org/10.18002/RAMA.V16I1S.7001
Lopez-Laval, I., Sitko, S., Muniz-Pardos, B., Cirer-Sastre, R., & Calleja-Gonzalez, J. (2020). Relationship Between Bench Press Strength and Punch Performance in Male Professional Boxers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(2), 308–312. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003362
Lota, K. S., Malliaropoulos, N., Blach, W., Kamitani, T., Ikumi, A., Korakakis, V., & Maffulli, N. (2022). Rotational head acceleration and traumatic brain injury in combat sports: a systematic review. British Medical Bulletin, 141(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/BMB/LDAC002
Ľuboslav, Š., Andrej, H., Peter, K., & Jaroslav, B. (2020). Development of specific training load in boxing. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(5), 2580–2585. https://doi.org/10.7752/JPES.2020.05352
Matas, A. (2018). Diseño del formato de escalas tipo Likert: Un estado de la cuestión. Revista Electronica de Investigacion Educativa, 20(1), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.24320/REDIE.2018.20.1.1347
McGill, S. M., Chaimberg, J. D., Frost, D. M., & Fenwick, C. M. J. (2010). Evidence of a double peak in muscle activation to enhance strike speed and force: an example with elite mixed martial arts fighters. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(2), 348–357. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0B013E3181CC23D5
Merlo, R. (2021). Boxeo Analítico. Del video a la lona (Autoedición, Ed.).
Niederberger, M., & Spranger, J. (2020). Delphi Technique in Health Sciences: A Map. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 457. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2020.00457/BIBTEX
Rezzonico, G. (2022). Entrenamiento de la Fuerza en el Boxeo: construyendo el knockout. Autoedición.
Sethi, N. K., Lenihan, M. L., Khabie, V., Chang, R. G., Aceto, T., & Beaufort, A. (2021). Safe Sparring Protocol: Reducing Head Impact Exposures During Training in Combat Sports. Journal of Combat Sports Medicine, 3(2), 20–24. https://ringsidearp.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ARP-Vol3-Iss2.pdf
Stiller, J. W., Yu, S. S., Brenner, L. A., Langenberg, P., Scrofani, P., Pannella, P., Hsu, E. B., Roberts, D. W., Monsell, R. M. T., Binks, S. W., Guzman, A., & Postolache, T. T. (2014). Sparring and Neurological Function in Professional Boxers. Frontiers in Public Health, 2(JUL). https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2014.00069
Sumsion, T. (1998). The Delphi Technique: An Adaptive Research Tool. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61(4), 153–156. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030802269806100403
Tjønndal, A., Haudenhuyse, R., de Geus, B., & Buyse, L. (2021). Concussions, cuts and cracked bones : A systematic literature review on protective headgear and head injury prevention in Olympic boxing. 13, 22(3), 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1872711
