MLS Sport Research
Vol. 1 Núm. 2 (2021)
ISSN: 2792-7156
Incidencia del entrenamiento de fuerza en la población infantojuvenil: revisión sistemática
Publicado Oct 24, 2021
Resumen
El objetivo de esta revisión fue conocer la influencia que tiene el entrenamiento de fuerza en la población infantojuvenil, además de buscar los posibles riesgos o beneficios que pueda ocasionar el entrenamiento de esta aptitud física. Se ha llevado a cabo una revisión sistemática de estudios de intervención sobre el impacto que produce el entrenamiento de la fuerza en sujetos con una edad comprendida entre 6 y 18 años. Los estudios utilizados en esta revisión se identificaron a través de la base de datos PubMed, seleccionando aquellos escritos en inglés o castellano, desde el 2010 hasta la actualidad. La revisión se efectuó entre los meses de Noviembre de 2020 hasta Mayo de 2021. Se identificaron un total de 328 artículos en la búsqueda inicial, de los cuales 20 artículos fueron elegidos para esta revisión sistemática. Dentro de las principales evidencias encontradas, los beneficios derivados del entrenamiento de fuerza se imponen notablemente a los riesgos, siempre y cuando el programa de entrenamiento sea supervisado y pautado por personal cualificado, individualizando la carga a las necesidades de cada sujeto. Asimismo, el entrenamiento de fuerza en esta población contribuye a mejorar el rendimiento de distintas habilidades motoras y actividades deportivas, resultando además una estrategia eficaz ante patologías como la obesidad.
Palabras clave:
Infancia, obesidad, habilidad motora, niños, ejercicio
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Cómo citar
Mantilla Fernández, D., Maza Somarriba, M., & Picabea Arburu, J. (2021). Incidencia del entrenamiento de fuerza en la población infantojuvenil: revisión sistemática. MLS Sport Research, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.54716/mlssr.v1i2.739
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Alberga, A. S., Prud'homme, D., Sigal, R. J., Goldfield, G. S., Hadjiyannakis, S., Phillips, P., Malcolm, J., Ma, J., Doucette, S., Gougeon, R., Wells, G. A., & Kenny, G. P. (2016). Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness in adolescents with obesity: the HEARTY trial. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 41(3), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0413
Amaro, N. M., Marinho, D. A., Marques, M. C., Batalha, N. P., & Morouço, P. G. (2017). Effects of Dry-Land Strength and Conditioning Programs in Age Group Swimmers. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 31(9), 2447–2454. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001709
Behm, D. G., Faigenbaum, A. D., Falk, B., & Klentrou, P. (2008). Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology position paper: resistance training in children and adolescents. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 33(3), 547–561. https://doi.org/10.1139/H08-020
Bernardoni, B., Thein-Nissenbaum, J., Fast, J., Day, M., Li, Q., Wang, S., & Scerpella, T. (2014). A school-based resistance intervention improves skeletal growth in adolescent females. Osteoporosis international, 25(3), 1025–1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2535-y
Davis, J. N., Gyllenhammer, L. E., Vanni, A. A., Meija, M., Tung, A., Schroeder, E. T., Spruijt-Metz, D., & Goran, M. I. (2011). Startup circuit training program reduces metabolic risk in Latino adolescents. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 43(11), 2195–2203. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821f5d4e
Deldin, A., Kuk, J. L., & Lee, S. (2019). Influence of Sex on the Changes in Regional Fat and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Response to Exercise Training in Adolescents with Obesity. Childhood obesity, 15(3), 216–222. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2018.0329
Faigenbaum, A. D., Kraemer, W. J., Blimkie, C. J., Jeffreys, I., Micheli, L. J., Nitka, M., & Rowland, T. W. (2009). Youth resistance training: updated position statement paper from the national strength and conditioning association. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 23(5 Suppl), S60–S79. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31819df407
Falk, B., & Dotan, R. (2019). Strength training in children. Harefuah, 158(8), 515–519.
Granacher, U., Muehlbauer, T., Doerflinger, B., Strohmeier, R., & Gollhofer, A. (2011). Promoting strength and balance in adolescents during physical education: effects of a short-term resistance training. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 25(4), 940–949. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c7bb1e
Goldfield, G. S., Kenny, G. P., Alberga, A. S., Prud'homme, D., Hadjiyannakis, S., Gougeon, R., Phillips, P., Tulloch, H., Malcolm, J., Doucette, S., Wells, G. A., Ma, J., Cameron, J. D., & Sigal, R. J. (2015). Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on psychological health in adolescents with obesity: The HEARTY randomized controlled trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 83(6), 1123–1135. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000038
Hopper, A., Haff, E. E., Barley, O. R., Joyce, C., Lloyd, R. S., & Haff, G. G. (2017). Neuromuscular Training Improves Movement Competency and Physical Performance Measures in 11-13-Year-Old Female Netball Athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 31(5), 1165–1176. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001794
Lesinski, M., Prieske, O., & Granacher, U. (2016). Effects and dose-response relationships of resistance training on physical performance in youth athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of sports medicine, 50(13), 781–795. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095497
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P., Clarke, M., Devereaux, J. K., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 62(10), e1-e34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006.
Lloyd, R. S., Faigenbaum, A. D., Stone, M. H., Oliver, J. L., Jeffreys, I., Moody, J. A., Brewer, C., Pierce, K. C., McCambridge, T. M., Howard, R., Herrington, L., Hainline, B., Micheli, L. J., Jaques, R., Kraemer, W. J., McBride, M. G., Best, T. M., Chu, D. A., Alvar, B. A., & Myer, G. D. (2014). Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus. British journal of sports medicine, 48(7), 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092952
Lloyd, R. S., Radnor, J. M., De Ste Croix, M. B., Cronin, J. B., & Oliver, J. L. (2016). Changes in Sprint and Jump Performances After Traditional, Plyometric, and Combined Resistance Training in Male Youth Pre- and Post-Peak Height Velocity. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 30(5), 1239–1247. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001216
Meinhardt, U., Witassek, F., Petrò, R., Fritz, C., & Eiholzer, U. (2013). Strength training and physical activity in boys: a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 132(6), 1105–1111. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1343
Monteiro, P. A., Chen, K. Y., Lira, F. S., Saraiva, B. T., Antunes, B. M., Campos, E. Z., & Freitas, I. F. (2015). Concurrent and aerobic exercise training promote similar benefits in body composition and metabolic profiles in obese adolescents. Lipids in health and disease, 14(1), 153-163. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-015-0152-9
Moran, J., Sandercock, G., Ramírez-Campillo, R., Wooller, J. J., Logothetis, S., Schoenmakers, P., & Parry, D. A. (2018). Maturation-Related Differences in Adaptations to Resistance Training in Young Male Swimmers. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 32(1), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001780
National Strength and Conditioning Association (1985). Position paper on prepubescent strength training. National Strength and Conditioning Association Journal, 7, 27–31.
Negra, Y., Chaabene, H., Hammami, M., Hachana, Y., & Granacher, U. (2016). Effects of High-Velocity Resistance Training on Athletic Performance in Prepuberal Male Soccer Athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 30(12), 3290–3297. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001433
Panagoulis, C., Chatzinikolaou, A., Avloniti, A., Leontsini, D., Deli, C. K., Draganidis, D., Stampoulis, T., Oikonomou, T., Papanikolaou, K., Rafailakis, L., Kambas, A., Jamurtas, A. Z., & Fatouros, I. G. (2020). In-Season Integrative Neuromuscular Strength Training Improves Performance of Early-Adolescent Soccer Athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 34(2), 516–526. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002938
Parsons, J. L., Sylvester, R., & Porter, M. M. (2017). The Effect of Strength Training on the Jump-Landing Biomechanics of Young Female Athletes: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical journal of sport medicine: official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 27(2), 127–132. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000323
Piazza, M., Battaglia, C., Fiorilli, G., Innocenti, G., Iuliano, E., Aquino, G., Calcagno, G., Giombini, A., & Di Cagno, A. (2014). Effects of resistance training on jumping performance in pre-adolescent rhythmic gymnasts: a randomized controlled study. Italian journal of anatomy and embryology = Archivio italiano di anatomia ed embriologia, 119(1), 10–19.
Pichardo, A. W., Oliver, J. L., Harrison, C. B., Maulder, P. S., Lloyd, R. S., & Kandoi, R. (2019). Effects of Combined Resistance Training and Weightlifting on Motor Skill Performance of Adolescent Male Athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 33(12), 3226–3235. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003108
Rodríguez-Rosell, D., Franco-Márquez, F., Mora-Custodio, R., & González-Badillo, J. J. (2017). Effect of High-Speed Strength Training on Physical Performance in Young Soccer Players of Different Ages. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 31(9), 2498–2508. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001706
Schranz, N., Tomkinson, G., Parletta, N., Petkov, J., & Olds, T. (2014). Can resistance training change the strength, body composition and self-concept of overweight and obese adolescent males? A randomised controlled trial. British journal of sports medicine, 48(20), 1482–1488. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092209
Vrijens, D. (1978). Muscle strength development in the pre-pubescent and post-pubescent age. Medicine and Science in Sports, 11, 152-158.
Amaro, N. M., Marinho, D. A., Marques, M. C., Batalha, N. P., & Morouço, P. G. (2017). Effects of Dry-Land Strength and Conditioning Programs in Age Group Swimmers. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 31(9), 2447–2454. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001709
Behm, D. G., Faigenbaum, A. D., Falk, B., & Klentrou, P. (2008). Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology position paper: resistance training in children and adolescents. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 33(3), 547–561. https://doi.org/10.1139/H08-020
Bernardoni, B., Thein-Nissenbaum, J., Fast, J., Day, M., Li, Q., Wang, S., & Scerpella, T. (2014). A school-based resistance intervention improves skeletal growth in adolescent females. Osteoporosis international, 25(3), 1025–1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2535-y
Davis, J. N., Gyllenhammer, L. E., Vanni, A. A., Meija, M., Tung, A., Schroeder, E. T., Spruijt-Metz, D., & Goran, M. I. (2011). Startup circuit training program reduces metabolic risk in Latino adolescents. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 43(11), 2195–2203. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821f5d4e
Deldin, A., Kuk, J. L., & Lee, S. (2019). Influence of Sex on the Changes in Regional Fat and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Response to Exercise Training in Adolescents with Obesity. Childhood obesity, 15(3), 216–222. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2018.0329
Faigenbaum, A. D., Kraemer, W. J., Blimkie, C. J., Jeffreys, I., Micheli, L. J., Nitka, M., & Rowland, T. W. (2009). Youth resistance training: updated position statement paper from the national strength and conditioning association. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 23(5 Suppl), S60–S79. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31819df407
Falk, B., & Dotan, R. (2019). Strength training in children. Harefuah, 158(8), 515–519.
Granacher, U., Muehlbauer, T., Doerflinger, B., Strohmeier, R., & Gollhofer, A. (2011). Promoting strength and balance in adolescents during physical education: effects of a short-term resistance training. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 25(4), 940–949. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c7bb1e
Goldfield, G. S., Kenny, G. P., Alberga, A. S., Prud'homme, D., Hadjiyannakis, S., Gougeon, R., Phillips, P., Tulloch, H., Malcolm, J., Doucette, S., Wells, G. A., Ma, J., Cameron, J. D., & Sigal, R. J. (2015). Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on psychological health in adolescents with obesity: The HEARTY randomized controlled trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 83(6), 1123–1135. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000038
Hopper, A., Haff, E. E., Barley, O. R., Joyce, C., Lloyd, R. S., & Haff, G. G. (2017). Neuromuscular Training Improves Movement Competency and Physical Performance Measures in 11-13-Year-Old Female Netball Athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 31(5), 1165–1176. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001794
Lesinski, M., Prieske, O., & Granacher, U. (2016). Effects and dose-response relationships of resistance training on physical performance in youth athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of sports medicine, 50(13), 781–795. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095497
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P., Clarke, M., Devereaux, J. K., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 62(10), e1-e34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006.
Lloyd, R. S., Faigenbaum, A. D., Stone, M. H., Oliver, J. L., Jeffreys, I., Moody, J. A., Brewer, C., Pierce, K. C., McCambridge, T. M., Howard, R., Herrington, L., Hainline, B., Micheli, L. J., Jaques, R., Kraemer, W. J., McBride, M. G., Best, T. M., Chu, D. A., Alvar, B. A., & Myer, G. D. (2014). Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus. British journal of sports medicine, 48(7), 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092952
Lloyd, R. S., Radnor, J. M., De Ste Croix, M. B., Cronin, J. B., & Oliver, J. L. (2016). Changes in Sprint and Jump Performances After Traditional, Plyometric, and Combined Resistance Training in Male Youth Pre- and Post-Peak Height Velocity. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 30(5), 1239–1247. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001216
Meinhardt, U., Witassek, F., Petrò, R., Fritz, C., & Eiholzer, U. (2013). Strength training and physical activity in boys: a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 132(6), 1105–1111. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1343
Monteiro, P. A., Chen, K. Y., Lira, F. S., Saraiva, B. T., Antunes, B. M., Campos, E. Z., & Freitas, I. F. (2015). Concurrent and aerobic exercise training promote similar benefits in body composition and metabolic profiles in obese adolescents. Lipids in health and disease, 14(1), 153-163. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-015-0152-9
Moran, J., Sandercock, G., Ramírez-Campillo, R., Wooller, J. J., Logothetis, S., Schoenmakers, P., & Parry, D. A. (2018). Maturation-Related Differences in Adaptations to Resistance Training in Young Male Swimmers. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 32(1), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001780
National Strength and Conditioning Association (1985). Position paper on prepubescent strength training. National Strength and Conditioning Association Journal, 7, 27–31.
Negra, Y., Chaabene, H., Hammami, M., Hachana, Y., & Granacher, U. (2016). Effects of High-Velocity Resistance Training on Athletic Performance in Prepuberal Male Soccer Athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 30(12), 3290–3297. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001433
Panagoulis, C., Chatzinikolaou, A., Avloniti, A., Leontsini, D., Deli, C. K., Draganidis, D., Stampoulis, T., Oikonomou, T., Papanikolaou, K., Rafailakis, L., Kambas, A., Jamurtas, A. Z., & Fatouros, I. G. (2020). In-Season Integrative Neuromuscular Strength Training Improves Performance of Early-Adolescent Soccer Athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 34(2), 516–526. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002938
Parsons, J. L., Sylvester, R., & Porter, M. M. (2017). The Effect of Strength Training on the Jump-Landing Biomechanics of Young Female Athletes: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical journal of sport medicine: official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 27(2), 127–132. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000323
Piazza, M., Battaglia, C., Fiorilli, G., Innocenti, G., Iuliano, E., Aquino, G., Calcagno, G., Giombini, A., & Di Cagno, A. (2014). Effects of resistance training on jumping performance in pre-adolescent rhythmic gymnasts: a randomized controlled study. Italian journal of anatomy and embryology = Archivio italiano di anatomia ed embriologia, 119(1), 10–19.
Pichardo, A. W., Oliver, J. L., Harrison, C. B., Maulder, P. S., Lloyd, R. S., & Kandoi, R. (2019). Effects of Combined Resistance Training and Weightlifting on Motor Skill Performance of Adolescent Male Athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 33(12), 3226–3235. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003108
Rodríguez-Rosell, D., Franco-Márquez, F., Mora-Custodio, R., & González-Badillo, J. J. (2017). Effect of High-Speed Strength Training on Physical Performance in Young Soccer Players of Different Ages. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 31(9), 2498–2508. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001706
Schranz, N., Tomkinson, G., Parletta, N., Petkov, J., & Olds, T. (2014). Can resistance training change the strength, body composition and self-concept of overweight and obese adolescent males? A randomised controlled trial. British journal of sports medicine, 48(20), 1482–1488. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092209
Vrijens, D. (1978). Muscle strength development in the pre-pubescent and post-pubescent age. Medicine and Science in Sports, 11, 152-158.
